兰州市不同季节大气微生物气溶胶粒径及分布特征研究

大气微生物对人类危害不仅与微生物气溶胶浓度和种类有关,而且大气微生物气溶胶粒径尺度大小及其分布特征也是重要的影响因素.在兰州市城关区选取不同环境功能区对其室外大气微生物气溶胶粒径(D,μm)大小及分布特征进行研究,结果表明,不同环境功能区大气细菌、霉菌和放线菌气溶胶粒度分布特征存在季节性分布差异,其中大气细菌气溶胶粒径...     

Exhaust Emissions from a Gas-fuelled S.I. Engine

Attempts to improve engine performance are often accompanied by increased emissions. An effective approach to reduce emissions without necessarily a significant penalty in fuel economy is through operating S.I. engines on a range of gaseous fuels, and either leaning the operating mixture or diluting it with some exhaust gases.

The emission characteristics of an engine operated in turn on CH₄, H₂, CO and some of their mixtures are examined experimentally. The role of changes in some key factors affecting the production of the pollutants CO, NOx and unburned hydrocarbons were investigated. Guidelines for reducing the undesirable emissions are outlined.     

超音速气动液滴荷电雾化及降尘性能试验研究*

为探究煤炭生产过程中呼吸性粉尘难以捕捉且对人体造成伤害的问题,提出超音速水雾荷电降尘技术。基于荷电雾化机理,研究电极环直径、电极间距、电压3因素对超音速气动液滴荷电、雾化效果的影响。利用网状目标法测量雾滴群电流并计算荷质比,采用SPSS软件分析3因素与雾滴荷质比之间的相关性,并用激光粒度仪测量雾滴粒径。最后,采用最优荷电雾化参数进行喷雾降尘试验。研究结果表明:各因素对荷电效果的影响次序为:电压>电极间距>电极环直径;雾滴粒径随电压的升高而减小,随电极间距的增大先增大后减小,随电极环直径的增大先减小后增大;当电压12 kV,电极间距2.5 cm,电极环直径6 cm时,超音速荷电水雾降尘效果最佳,与普通水雾降尘相比,全尘降尘效率提高12.4%,呼尘降尘效率提高49.6%。     

Importance of health assessments for conservation in noncaptive wildlife

Wildlife health assessments help identify populations at risk of starvation, disease, and decline from anthropogenic impacts on natural habitats. We conducted an overview of available health assessment studies in noncaptive vertebrates and devised a framework to strategically integrate health assessments in population monitoring. Using a systematic approach, we performed a thorough assessment of studies examining multiple health parameters of noncaptive vertebrate species from 1982 to 2020 (n = 261 studies). We quantified trends in study design and diagnostic methods across taxa with generalized linear models, bibliometric analyses, and visual representations of study location versus biodiversity hotspots. Only 35% of studies involved international or cross-border collaboration. Countries with both high and threatened biodiversity were greatly underrepresented. Species that were not listed as threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List represented 49% of assessed species, a trend likely associated with the regional focus of most studies. We strongly suggest following wildlife health assessment protocols when planning a study and using statistically adequate sample sizes for studies establishing reference ranges. Across all taxa blood analysis (89%), body composition assessments (81%), physical examination (72%), and fecal analyses (24% of studies) were the most common methods. A conceptual framework to improve design and standardize wildlife health assessments includes guidelines on the experimental design, data acquisition and analysis, and species conservation planning and management implications. Integrating a physiological and ecological understanding of species resilience toward threatening processes will enable informed decision making regarding the conservation of threatened species.     

北京市冬季气溶胶粒子尺度谱分布研究

对2000年12月和1980年代中期北京市近地面气溶胶尺度谱的观测数据,进行了分析和比较研究.结果表明,在粒子尺度谱上,粒子分布向更细粒子位移;0.1～2.0 μm的积聚模态粒子,其峰中心在0.12 μm处.在粒子体积(质量)尺度谱上,粒径小于2 μm的细粒子约占26.9%,粗粒子约占73.1%,表现出细粒子浓度增加的趋势.气溶胶发生源结构的变化,使原生粒子减少,再生粒子增加.这部分粒子对人的危害更大,更难于治理.     

长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物分布特征

根据长江口和杭州湾北部沉积物粒度分析数据，研究表层沉积物类型、分布以及分区特征。结果表明：沉积物的分布特征受水动力条件、地貌类型以及泥沙来源等因素的综合影响，长江口表层沉积物在纵向分布上，自西向东粒径从粗到细、分选程度从好至差，在横向上自北港－北槽－南槽，沉积物粒度逐渐变细；水流动力作用强的河槽和波浪作用强的口门浅滩沉积物粒度较粗，水动力较弱的河口边滩及口外海滨区沉积物则较细。根据沉积物分布特征可将长江口及其邻近海域分为河口分汊河段沉积区、河口拦门沙沉积区、口外海滨沉积区和杭州湾北部沉积区等4个沉积区。     

Coal dust particle size survey of US mines

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) conducted a joint survey to determine the range of coal particle sizes found in dust samples collected from intake airways of US coal mines. The last comprehensive survey of this type was performed in the 1920s. The size of the coal dust is relevant to the amount of rock dust required to inert the coal dust, with more rock dust needed to inert finer sizes of coal dust.

Dust samples were collected by MSHA inspectors from several mines in each of MSHA's 10 bituminous Coal Mine Safety and Health Districts. Samples were normally collected in several intakes at each mine. The laboratory analysis procedures included acid leaching of the sample to remove the limestone rock dust, sonic sieving to determine the dust size, and low-temperature ashing of the sieved fractions to correct for any remaining incombustible matter. The results indicate that particle sizes of mine coal dust in intake airways are finer than those measured in the 1920s. This finer size coal dust in intake airways would require more incombustible matter to be effectively inerted than the 65% incombustible specified in current regulations.     

半圆头方颈螺栓的冷镦成形工艺及关键模具设计

用多工位冷镦机生产半圆头方颈螺栓 ,对方颈部分的成形采用切挤成形工艺 ,用这种方法生产的产品 ,外形美观 ,质量稳定。同时也介绍了关键模具的设计     

State of the population of the European pearl mussel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Margaritifera margaritifera</Emphasis> (L.) (Mollusca,Margaritiferidae) at the northeastern boundary of its range (Solza River,White Sea Basin)

Only two river basins in which the European pearl mussel has survived to date are known in Arkhangelsk oblast. These are the Solza and Kozha basins. The northeastern boundary of the European range of this species passes along the watershed between the basins of the Solza and the Shirshema (the Onega Peninsula) and then along the Onega-Northern Dvina watershed. The population density and the proportion of juveniles widely vary in different parts of the Solza Basin, and, therefore, the previously conclusion concerning the ageing of the population in the Kazanka River (Bolotov and Semushin, 2003) applies only to certain parts of this river. The highest density of the pearl mussel in the Solza Basin is 68 ind./m². Fish cultivation contributes to the conservation of this pearl mussel population, as the release of Atlantic salmon juveniles ensures reproduction of the mollusk under conditions of regulated river flow.     

北京奥林匹克公园地表颗粒物粒度特征分析

研究了北京市奥林匹克公园2012年10月和11月4次采集的地表颗粒物的粒度特征,结果表明,奥体公园整体以中小粒径76~830μm的颗粒物为主.人流量较大的区域颗粒物较粗,而有车辆通过或工地附近的区域颗粒物以粒径<300μm为主且更易在中等车流量的道路累积.说明人流量对道路地表颗粒物的组成影响有限,交通流量、建筑施工行为是影响城市公园颗粒物组成的重要因素.雨前干燥期影响颗粒物组成:随着雨前干燥期(≤15 d)的增加,粒径>300μm的颗粒物地表累积量不断下降,粒径<150μm的累积量不断上升,而150~300μm粒径范围的颗粒物受干燥期的影响不明显.道路的材质明显影响颗粒物的累积,与石材路面相比,地表颗粒物更容易在公园沥青路面累积,可以通过改进公园道路的设计,如采用石材路面,降低道路的粗糙度,从而减少颗粒物对公园水体的污染.