电石渣中杂质对亚硫酸钙氧化及石膏浆液脱水性能影响

为了考察电石渣中杂质(Na2S、SiO2及铁、镁、铝的氧化物等)在湿法烟气脱硫过程中对亚硫酸钙氧化及石膏浆液脱水性能的影响,通过建立亚硫酸钙氧化反应装置,对亚硫酸钙氧化及石膏浆液脱水过程进行了研究。研究表明:浆液中Na2S浓度越高,亚硫酸钙氧化受到的抑制作用越明显,Na2S浓度高于10.0 mmol/L时,浆液中亚硫酸根几乎不发生氧化反应,石膏平均粒径随Na2S浓度增加呈先降低后增大趋势。浆液中SiO2不影响亚硫酸钙氧化,但是浓度低于0.5 g/L时,石膏粒径分布更加集中,更有利于提高石膏浆液脱水性能。浆液中Fe2O3的存在有利于亚硫酸钙氧化,浓度在0.5～1.0 g/L时,对石膏浆液脱水性能有明显的改善作用。浆液中MgO、Al2O3的存在,对亚硫酸钙氧化影响不大,但降低了石膏浆液脱水性能。     

不同气象条件下的气溶胶时空分布特征

利用2012年3月20—24日的激光雷达回波数据和粒子计数器采样的气溶胶数浓度数据,分析了测点近地面及其上空的气溶胶垂直消光系数、数浓度等时空分布特征,研究了风向、风速、RH(相对湿度)对近地面气溶胶分布的影响. 结果表明:①阴霾天气气溶胶垂直消光系数在0.01～1.0之间,边界层高度在1km以下,到达边界层顶时消光系数产生突变;晴天气溶胶垂直消光系数在0.01~0.2之间,边界层高度在1.5~2.5km. ②阴霾天和晴天中近地面气溶胶数浓度变化规律一致,上午08:00左右开始增加,随温度升高呈下降态势,在傍晚达最小值后又略微增长并产生次高峰,夜间继续呈下降趋势. ③风向为东北偏东风时大气气溶胶的数浓度较大;风速增大,有利于气溶胶垂直输送和扩散,导致气溶胶数浓度减小. ④气-粒转化过程中,RH增大有利于气溶胶粒子由爱根核向积聚模态凝结. ⑤RH较小时,其与气溶胶数浓度呈正相关,而当RH增至74%时二者呈负相关.      

Fume emissions during gas metal arc welding

The control of exposure to welding fumes is of increasing importance in promoting a healthy, safe and productive work environment. This article describes the effects of shielding gas composition on the amount and composition of welding fumes produced during gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The amount of fumes generated during welding was measured for steady current over a range of wire-feed speeds and arc voltages using the standard procedures contained in ANSI/AWS F1.2 [American Welding Society. ANSI/AWS F1.2. Laboratory method for measuring fume generation rates and total fume emission of welding and allied processes. Miami, Florida; 1992]. Results of these measurements show that the fume formation rates (FFRs) increase with CO₂ and O₂ in the shielding gas mixture. The lowest FFRs were obtained with the mixtures of Ar?+?2%CO₂ and Ar?+?3%CO₂?+?1%O₂. The highest FFRs were obtained with the mixtures of Ar?+?18%CO₂ and Ar?+?5%CO₂?+?4%O₂. The welding fumes contains mainly iron, manganese, silicon, titanium and sodium under oxide forms. The fume cluster particles have dimensions between 0.5 and 2?µm. The FFR was found to be governed by the transfer modes of molten metal, i.e. the current intensity and arc voltage, as well as by the shielding gas mixtures composition. Thus these parameters have to be taken into consideration before designing a welding process. Whenever possible, users of GMAW should use the lowest current intensity. However, when this is not possible, due to the constraints of process productivity, welders should use higher currents, but with Ar?+?2%CO₂ and Ar?+?3%CO₂?+?1%O₂ shielding mixtures, which will lead to smaller fume emissions.     

Speciation studies on simulated gastro‐intestinal digests of foodstuffs†

The factors affecting the solubilisation of metals during digestion of food have been examined in a two‐stage model system comprising simulated gastric and intestinal juices. The solubilisation of iron, copper and zinc was examined in digests of white and wholemeal bread. Zinc solubility was principally governed by pH and the simulated digestion had little additional effect. In contrast both iron and copper solubility were markedly affected by digestion of the bread. In the case of copper the enzymolysis increased solubility appreciably at neutral pH. All of the cadmium in a simulated gastric digest of canned crab meat was associated with soluble low molecular weight species of less than 1000 daltons. Cadmium solubility resulted from the acidic conditions of the digest rather than enzymatic solubilisation of binding proteins. Ninety percent of the cadmium in the digest became rebound to the insoluble fraction on adjustment to pH7.0. Subsequent simulated intestinal digestion increased the level of soluble cadmium to 20%; 1.0–1.5% was associated with soluble species in the range 26,000–37,000 daltons and 15.0–20.0% with soluble species of less than 3,000 daltons.     

Size-resolved aerosol ionic composition and secondary formation at Mount Heng in South Central China

To understand the size-resolved aerosol ionic composition and the factors influencing secondary aerosol formation in the upper boundary layer in South Central China, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposit irnpactor （MOUDI） in spring 2009 at the summit of Mount Heng （1269 m asl）, followed by subsequent laboratory analyses of 13 inorganic and organic water-soluble ions. During non- dust-storm periods, the average PM1.8 concentration was 41.8 μg·m^-3, contributing to 55% of the PM10. Sulfates, nitrates, and ammonium, the dominant ions in the fine particles, amounted to 46.8% of the PM1.8. Compared with Mount Tai in the North China Plain, the concentrations of both fine and coarse particles and the ions contained therein were substantially lower. When the air masses from Southeast Asia prevailed, intensive biomass burning there led to elevated concentrations of sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, potassium, and chloride in the fine particles at Mount Heng. The air masses originating from the north Gobi brought heavy dust storms that resulted in the remarkable production of sulfates, ammonium, methane sulfonic acid, and oxalates in the coarse particles. Generally, the sulfates were primarily produced in the form of （NH4）2SO4 in the droplet mode via heterogeneous aqueous reactions. Only approximately one-third of the nitrates were distributed in the fine mode, and high humidity facilitated the secondary formation of fine nitrates. The heterogeneous formation of coarse nitrates and ammonium on dry alkaline dust surfaces was found to be less efficient than that on the coarse particles during non-dust-storm periods.     

Variation pattern of water-soluble ions in atmospheric at Lin＇an regional background station

为研究我国长江三角洲地区气溶胶污染的区域特征,2008年4月、7月、10月和2009年1月,在临安区域本底站利用安德森（Andersen）分级采样器进行了大气气溶胶采样,样品用离子色谱（IC）进行了分析.结果表明,临安区域本底站SO2/4-、NH4＋、K＋的浓度在粒径0.43—1.1μm出现峰值;Ca2＋、Mg2＋的浓度在粒径3.3—5.8μm出现峰值;NO3-、Cl-、Na＋的浓度在粒径0.43—1.1μm和3.3—5.8μm出现峰值.气溶胶各个粒径段上的阳、阴离子电荷比均小于2.在降水过程个例分析中,降水之后临安区域本底站的总离子浓度增加了10.9μg·m-3;粒径分布除SO2/4-和K＋有明显变化以外,其它离子没有明显变化.通过霾日和非霾日的浓度变化分析发现,细粒子中SO2/4-、NH4＋的浓度的增加是造成霾天气的主要原因.     

城市高架公路雨水径流的污染特征

对上海市内环高架一段路面的7场降雨径流进行监测,分析了径流中固体悬浮物和营养盐的变化特征,以期加深对城市高架公路径流污染物的认识和为高架公路径流净化工艺的选择提供理论支持。结果表明：溶解态氮、颗粒态磷是径流中TN和TP的主要输出形式;TP质量浓度变化与TSS基本一致,但TN质量浓度变化与TSS相关关系较弱;通过分析不同粒径固体悬浮物与污染物的相关性,发现〈45μm固体悬浮物是径流中营养盐吸附的重要载体,去除细小固体悬浮物是治理城市高架径流污染的有效途径。     

杭州市大气颗粒物消光组分的粒径分布特征研究

2010年8月在杭州市朝晖、云栖、杭钢和下沙4个点位采集了不同粒径大气颗粒物样品,并对其主要消光组分的粒径分布特征进行了分析,包括SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OC和EC等.同时在朝晖点位对多种气态污染物和多个气象要素进行了同步观测,以评估杭州市能见度下降的影响因素.结果表明:PM2.5、RH、SO2和NO2均与能见度呈一定负相关关系.4个监测点位颗粒物浓度变化均呈双峰型,峰值出现在0.4~0.7μm和9.0~10μm粒径段.以3.3μm为粗细颗粒的分界线,不同监测点位PM10中粗、细颗粒所占比例均等.水溶性离子消光组分的浓度大小顺序为:SO42->NH4+>NO3-. SO42-、NO3-和NH4+均显单峰结构,SO42-和NH4+的峰值出现在0.4~1.1μm的粒径段,NO3-峰值出现在5.8~10μm粒径段.OC显单峰结构,峰值出现在0.4~0.7μm粒径段;EC显双峰结构,峰值出现在0.4~0.7μm和2.1~3.3μm范围内.因而,要解决杭州的能见度问题,应减少细颗粒物,尤其是粒径<1.1μm的颗粒物的污染. NO3-、SO42-、OC和EC对杭州市颗粒物消光能力相对贡献率之比为2.2%:13.7%:29.8%:43.8%.因此要有效控制杭州市大气能见度的降低趋势, 首要的就是控制EC的主要排放源,即机动车尾气的排放.     

天气条件及气团来源对青岛春季大气颗粒物数浓度谱分布的影响

利用2010年春季在青岛观测的不同粒径大气颗粒物数浓度,结合同期的Micaps天气图资料及后向轨迹分析资料,探讨了不同天气条件及气团来源不同时青岛大气颗粒物数浓度谱的变化特征.结果表明,沙尘发生前12h,大气中0.3~1.0μm的细粒子数浓度逐渐小幅升高,沙尘发生时>1.0μm粗颗粒物数浓度较沙尘发生前升高了1~10倍,0.3~1.0μm细颗粒物数浓度则降低了20%~45%.降雨使>1.0μm粗粒子数浓度降低>50%,降雨后大气颗粒物尤其是细粒子数浓度很快回升.雾和霾天气发生时1.0μm粗粒子数浓度较高,而局地源气溶胶中粗粒子数浓度较低,<0.7μm细粒子相对贡献较大.     

广州城区大气细颗粒物粒谱分布特征分析

2008年10~11月,利用大气细粒子谱分析仪(FPM-I型)对广州城区5nm~10μm大气细粒子谱进行长期连续在线测量.同时,利用大气能见度仪、黑碳分析仪、气象参数仪获取了观测点的大气能见度、黑碳质量浓度和气象参数信息. 颗粒物谱型分析结果表明:整个观测期内,颗粒物数浓度谱、表面积谱及体积谱均呈双峰结构. 广州地区核模态(5~20nm)、爱根核模态(20~100nm)和积聚模态(0.1~1μm)粒子日平均浓度变化范围分别为1400~4300个/cm3、5000~12300个/cm3和1600~2600个/cm3.晴天和灰霾天气下颗粒物数浓度、黑碳浓度及大气能见度对比分析结果表明:广州地区大气能见度的高低受核模态和爱根核模态粒子浓度的影响较小,与积聚模态粒子浓度呈负相关关系;黑碳质量浓度峰值的出现位置与爱根核模态粒子浓度峰值位置相一致,表明爱根核模态粒子对黑碳浓度的贡献不能忽略.