公交车实际道路颗粒物排放的数浓度特征

为获得城市公交实际道路颗粒物数量排放特性,利用车载排放测试系统(PEMS)在实际道路上对公交车颗粒物排放特征及粒径分布进行了研究. 结果表明:公交车车速低于30 km/h的工况占总工况的78.9%,其中车速小于10 km/h的工况所占比例最大,为33.7%;车速高于40 km/h的工况仅占总工况的2.1%. 利用低压荷电捕集器(ELPI)测试的粒径分布表明,公交车进、出站和稳定车速工况下排放的颗粒物数浓度峰值均出现在粒径为70 nm附近;粒径小于70 nm的颗粒物数浓度在3种不同工况下占颗粒物总数浓度的55.4%～69.7%;粒径大于770 nm的颗粒物非常少,其数浓度占颗粒物总数浓度的比例均小于0.1%.      

Spatial pattern of impervious surfaces and their impacts on land surface temperature in Beijing, China

Land surface temperature （LST）, which is heavily influenced by urban surface structures, is a significant parameter in urban environmental analysis. This study examined the effect impervious surfaces （IS） spatial patterns have on LST in Beijing, China. A classification and regression tree model （CART） was adopted to estimate IS as a continuous variable using Landsat images from two seasons combined with QuickBird. LST was retrieved from the Landsat Thematic Mapper （TM） image to examine the relationships between IS and LST. The results revealed that CART was capable of consistently predicting LST with acceptable accuracy （correlation coefficient of 0.94 and the average error of 8.59%）. Spatial patterns of IS exhibited changing gradients across the various urban-rural transects, with LST values showing a concentric shape that increased as you moved from the outskirts towards the downtown areas. Transect analysis also indicated that the changes in both IS and LST patterns were similar at various resolution levels, which suggests a distinct linear relationship between them. Results of correlation analysis further showed that IS tended to be positively correlated with LST, and that the correlation coefficients increased from 0.807 to 0.925 with increases in IS pixel size. The findings identified in this study provide a theoretical basis for improving urban planning efforts to lessen urban temperatures and thus dampen urban heat island effects.     

饮用水源中不同粒径颗粒物吸附抗生素特征研究

天然水体中存在大量的细小颗粒,它们往往与污染物相互作用并成为其载体,在饮用水传统处理工艺中亦不能被很好去除,进而随水厂出水进入人体,对人体健康造成潜在威胁.抗生素在饮用水源中的固、液相分配规律以及不同粒径颗粒对抗生素的吸附能力及影响因素亟待研究.实验利用微波萃取(MAE)和高效液相色谱与质谱联用(HPLC-MS/MS)的方法分别对颗粒物上吸附的抗生素进行了前处理和测定,进而分析了饮用水源颗粒物对4种典型抗生素的吸附特征.连续吸附平衡实验在360 min达到平衡,平衡时抗生素有32%~44%分布在颗粒上;除青霉素外,粒径0.05~1μm小颗粒的吸附量又占颗粒总吸附量的56%~70%.同时p H是影响饮用水源中颗粒吸附抗生素的重要因素,无论对于所有颗粒还是0.05~1μm的小颗粒,其吸附能力的最大值均出现在中性条件(p H=7)下.     

北京城区公园及其邻近道路国槐叶面尘分布与重金属污染特征

叶面尘可以反映一段时间、一定区域内空气颗粒物的污染状况.为了探究城市公园环境和道路环境的空气颗粒物污染差异,同时采集了北京市12座公园及邻近道路的国槐(Sophora japonica)叶面尘,对比分析其滞尘量、粒径分布、重金属含量的差异,并探讨了重金属的可能来源,结果表明:行道树国槐滞尘量显著高于公园国槐(p =0.041),但后者富集了更多粒径范围在2～ 20 μm之间的颗粒物.叶面尘中的重金属污染程度表现为Cu ＞Pb ＞Zn ＞Cr＞ Ni＞ Mn,其中,Cu、Pb和Zn达到中度污染水平,公园国槐叶面尘重金属元素的含量一般高于行道树国槐.公园国槐叶面尘重金属主要来源于交通排放,其次来自土壤母质,小部分来自工业排放和化石燃料燃烧排放等;行道树国槐叶面尘重金属最重要的来源是交通排放,其次是非特定源(工业排放、化石燃料燃烧排放、地面灰尘的二次扬尘及土壤母质等).本文的研究结果表明,严格控制交通排放是缓解北京城市灰尘污染的重要途径.     

半干旱区沙尘天气对0010～10 μm沙尘气溶胶分布的影响

利用WPS粒子谱仪对内蒙古朱日和背景天气及沙尘天气的气溶胶数浓度进行了观测,研究了不同天气背景下沙尘气溶胶数浓度及谱分布特征. 结果表明:在背景天气和沙尘天气下,0.010～0.020,0.021～0.100,0.101～1.000,1.001～2.500 μm等粒径段的气溶胶数浓度差别较大;沙尘天气对各粒径段,尤其是大于1.0 μm的气溶胶数浓度影响较大,沙尘暴过程中1.001～2.500 μm粒径段的气溶胶数浓度约为背景天气的35倍;各粒径段气溶胶数浓度在不同天气背景下的日变化规律有所不同,受气象要素的影响较大. 对沙尘气溶胶谱分布的分析可知,沙尘暴发生前后1 h的沙尘气溶胶谱型均符合Lorentz分布,背景天气下同时段的沙尘气溶胶谱型也符合Lorentz分布;沙尘天气下沙尘气溶胶谱型在沙尘暴发生前1 h的主峰值比背景天气高1个数量级,沙尘暴发生后1 h的峰值半径明显移向大粒子.      

华南大气气溶胶的污染特征及其与酸性降水的关系

运用物理与化学相结合的方法研究了我国华南地区大气气溶胶的污染特征,并探讨了气溶胶与酸性降水的相互关系.研究表明,降水对气溶胶的数量和性质有一定影响,气溶胶酸化缓冲能力的不足,是华南地区酸性降水污染较重的重要原因之一.     

A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis

Increased crop yield is a commonly reported benefit of adding biochar to soils. However, experimental results are variable and dependent on the experimental set-up, soil properties and conditions, while causative mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. A statistical meta-analysis was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the relationship between biochar and crop productivity (either yield or above-ground biomass). Results showed an overall small, but statistically significant, benefit of biochar application to soils on crop productivity, with a grand mean increase of 10%. However, the mean results for each analysis performed within the meta-analysis covered a wide range (from −28% to 39%). The greatest (positive) effects with regard to soil analyses were seen in acidic (14%) and neutral pH soils (13%), and in soils with a coarse (10%) or medium texture (13%). This suggests that two of the main mechanisms for yield increase may be a liming effect and an improved water holding capacity of the soil, along with improved crop nutrient availability. The greatest positive result was seen in biochar applications at a rate of 100 t ha⁻¹ (39%). Of the biochar feedstocks considered and in relation to crop productivity, poultry litter showed the strongest (significant) positive effect (28%), in contrast to biosolids, which were the only feedstock showing a statistically significant negative effect (−28%). However, many auxiliary data sets (i.e. information concerning co-variables) are incomplete and the full range of relevant soil types, as well as environmental and management conditions are yet to be investigated. Furthermore, only short-term studies limited to periods of 1 to 2 years are currently available. This paper highlights the need for a strategic research effort, to allow elucidation of mechanisms, differentiated by environmental and management factors and to include studies over longer time frames.     

Haze insights and mitigation in China: An overview

The present article provides an overview of the chemical and physical features of haze in China, focusing on the relationship between haze and atmospheric fine particles, and the formation mechanism of haze. It also summarizes several of control technologies and strategies to mitigate the occurrence of haze. The development of instruments and the analysis of measurements of ambient particles and precursor concentrations have provided important information about haze formation. Indeed, the use of new instruments has greatly facilitated current haze research in China. Examples of insightful results include the relationship between fine particles and haze, the chemical compositions and sources of particles, the impacts of the aging process on haze formation, and the application of technologies that control the formation of haze. Based on these results, two relevant issues need to be addressed： understanding the relationship between haze and fine particles and understanding how to control PM2.5.     

雾-霾天人体平均呼吸高度处不同粒径气溶胶的微生物特性

粒径分布和微生物种群结构是雾-霾天气溶胶与人体健康密切相关的典型特征.采用安德森六级采样器在人体平均呼吸高度（近地面1.5 m）处对北京某地雾-霾天及晴天分别进行气溶胶样品采集,从不同粒径气溶胶中的可培养细菌、真菌浓度及种群结构角度展开研究.结果表明,雾-霾天不同粒径气溶胶中可培养微生物浓度呈现不均匀分布状态;不同粒径气溶胶中微生物浓度、种群结构差异性均明显高于晴天.雾-霾天条件下,在粒径大于3.3 μm的气溶胶中,芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）占据优势地位,在粒径小于3.3 μm的气溶胶中,芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）和解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）占优势地位.而当雾-霾过后,解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）在所有粒径的生物气溶胶中均占优势地位.雾-霾天条件下,在粒径大于3.3 μm的气溶胶中共检出5种优势真菌,分别是链格孢菌（Alternaria sp.）、意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）、蓝状菌（Talaromyces stollii）、枝孢菌（Cladosporium sp.）和Davidiella sp.;而当雾-霾过后,仅链格孢菌（Alternaria sp.）被检测为优势菌.无论雾-霾天还是晴天,在粒径小于3.3 μm的气溶胶中真菌均主要以意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）和蓝状菌（Talaromyces stollii）为主.在人体平均呼吸高度处,雾-霾天与晴天不同粒径气溶胶中微生物浓度和种群结构存在明显差异.雾-霾天人体平均呼吸高度处微生物浓度高、且种群结构较为复杂,其微生物特性对人体健康的潜在风险不容忽视.     

海洋-大气过程对南海气溶胶数浓度谱分布的影响

利用2012年8月28日至10月13日期间走航观测的气溶胶数据,分析了南海气溶胶数浓度时空分布和粒径谱分布特征,以及海洋-大气过程的影响.结果表明,南海气溶胶数浓度的时空分布和粒径谱分布受海洋和陆地源以及当地气象条件如风速、风向、相对湿度、云量、温度等的共同影响.陆地气团影响下的海域气溶胶数浓度较大,达2 300个·cm~(-3);受陆地影响较小的海域大气较为洁净,气溶胶数浓度在1 200个·cm~(-3)以下.观测得到的气溶胶粒径谱包括积聚模态和粗模态,峰值分别位于0.08~0.2μm和0.5~2μm附近.出现频率较高的谱型有3种:陆地型,海洋背景1型和海洋背景2型.陆地型与海洋2型的谱分布形状基本一致,但后者次微米粒子数浓度非常小,是洁净海洋背景下最常见的谱型;海洋1型在0.05~0.1μm粒径段数浓度显著高于海洋2型,并且在大于0.5μm的粗粒子段,海洋1型的气溶胶数浓度超过陆地型气溶胶数浓度,暗示了海洋源对这两个粒径段的粒子数浓度的贡献.0.05~0.12μm的积聚模态粒子数浓度与低云量有明显的正相关关系,且当相对湿度达90%~95%时,0.08μm附近的粒子数浓度增加显著.0.5~6μm的粗模态海洋气溶胶对风速的依赖性较强,相关性达0.7;0.05~0.12μm气溶胶数浓度与风速呈现弱正相关;0.12~0.5μm粒子数浓度与风速呈负相关.随着相对湿度的增大,0.08~0.12μm的粒子数浓度降低,而0.05~0.08μm和0.5~6μm的粒子数浓度增大.降水过程中,各粒径段粒子数浓度逐渐降低,但在降水初期,相对湿度达到90%~95%,0.05~0.12μm和0.5~6μm的粒子数浓度显著增大,随后逐渐减小.