Study on the effects of organic matter characteristics on the residual aluminum and flocs in coagulation processes

Characteristics of organic matter may affect the residual aluminum after the coagulation process. This study reported the results of a survey for one drinking water treatment plant and measured the concentration of residual aluminum species with different molecular weights. Survey results indicated that humic acid or organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da had significant effects on residual aluminum. All the treatment processes were ineffective in removing dissolved organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da. These results also indicated that the addition of sand or polyacrylamide in the coagulation process could greatly decrease the concentration of humic acid, and the concentration of residual aluminum also decreased. These results revealed that for all water samples after filtration, the majority of total residual aluminum existed in the form of total dissolved aluminum, accounting for 70%–90%. The concentration of residual aluminum produced in bovine serum albumin solutions indicated that when the DOC was larger than 4.0 mg/L, there were still significant differences when the solution pH value varied from 4.0 to 9.0.     

不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属毒性浸出及生物可给性

对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的化学性质和粒径分级毒性进行分析研究,并采用美国EPA的毒性浸出程序TCLP(toxicity characteristic leaching procedure)、欧盟危险废物鉴别浸出标准(EN12457-2)、逐级浸出程序SEP(sequential extraction procedure)与体外模拟实验方法 PBET(physiologically based extraction test)对不同粒径的焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出效果进行对比研究.结果表明,焚烧飞灰的主要组成元素为Ca、Si、Al、Mg、Fe、Na和K;58.7%的飞灰粒径分布在38~106μm,粒径小于150μm的焚烧飞灰占总量的90%以上.重金属Cu、Pb和Cd等在各粒径飞灰中主要以残渣态的形式存在,可交换态较少.TCLP结果证实,除As和V外,Zn、Cu和Pb的浸出量随飞灰粒径的减小呈先增大后减少的趋势,粒径在38~106μm下Zn的浸出量最大为547 mg·kg~(-1),而采用欧盟浸出标准,所有粒径飞灰的重金属浸出量都较低.PBET实验中Zn、Pb、Cu和As的浸取浓度分别达3 270、339、335和16.8 mg·kg~(-1),其结果显著高于TCLP重金属浸出量,说明焚烧飞灰中重金属对于人体具有潜在的生物有效性.     

无机型城市景观水体表观污染的悬浮颗粒物粒度分布特征:以中国运河苏州段为例

基于悬浮颗粒物粒度分布特性能为水环境表观质量研究提供重要信息,以流经苏州市市内运河水为研究对象,探讨无机型城市景观水体中不同表观污染程度下水中悬浮颗粒物的粒度分布特性及其影响因素,从悬浮颗粒物的粒径角度来解释无机型景观水体表观污染机制.结果表明,无机型水中悬浮颗粒物以单峰分布为主,中值粒径范围13~25.2μm,组分Ⅱ(粒级3.8~16μm)是优势组分,体积分数范围29.4%~59.6%;水体表观污染的敏感组分为组分Ⅱ(粒级3.8~16μm)和组分Ⅳ(粒级32~64μm),表观污染指数(SPI)与组分Ⅱ和组分Ⅳ体积分数关系具有分段性,分段节点是浊度为45NTU处,浊度小于45NTU时,SPI值与组分Ⅱ体积分数呈显著正相关,与组分Ⅳ体积分数呈显著负相关;当浊度大于或等于45NTU时关系相反.影响苏州运河水粒径分布的因素主要是生物因子和水动力条件,生物因子的作用主要表现为藻类的增加,水动力条件的作用是使水体发生再悬浮,导致水中大颗粒物质的增加.     

轻型汽油车排放颗粒物数浓度和粒径分布特征

我国机动车颗粒物排放研究多集中于重型柴油车,对于轻型汽油车的研究相对较少.本研究对3辆缸内直喷(GDI)汽车和1辆进气道喷射(PFI)汽车排放颗粒物的数浓度与粒径分布进行测试,并利用两台不同检测下限的颗粒物冷凝生长计数器(CPC)对轻型汽油车颗粒物实际排放水平进行了探究.结果表明,GDI汽车排放的颗粒物数浓度高于PFI汽车一个数量级,冷启动下颗粒物主要在测试循环前200 s大量产生,GDI汽车排放颗粒物数浓度与工况速度变化关系密切,而PFI汽车变化相对较小.GDI与PFI汽车排放的颗粒物粒径分布均具有核模态和积聚模态两个特征峰,核模态颗粒物峰值粒径约为20~27 nm,积聚模态约为80~95 nm.粒径检测下限为2.5 nm的UCPC测得的颗粒物数浓度比法规使用的粒径测量下限为23 nm的CPC测量结果分别高出35.0%(GDI)和50.4%(PFI).表明喷油技术是影响颗粒物数量排放水平的关键因素,法规测试会低估轻型汽油车实际颗粒物排放水平.     

石家庄秋季一次典型霾污染过程水溶性离子粒径分布特征

为研究石家庄秋季典型霾污染过程中颗粒物水溶性离子的粒径谱分布,并进一步分析其来源及形成机制,于2013年10月15日到11月14日利用惯性撞击式8级采样器(Andersen)对石家庄城区大气颗粒物进行了为期一个月的连续采样,并使用离子色谱仪对观测期间一次霾污染过程颗粒物中8种水溶性无机离子(Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))进行了分析.结果表明,石家庄秋季颗粒物污染严重,采样期间PM10和PM2.5日均值分别达到(361.2±138.7)μg·m~(-3)和(175.6±87.2)μg·m-3,PM_(2.5)日均值达到国家环境空气质量二级标准的2.3倍.此次污染过程,优良天、轻/中度污染天和重度污染天总悬浮颗粒物中总水溶性无机离子(TWSII)浓度日均值分别为(64.4±4.6)、(109.9±22.0)和(212.9±50.1)μg·m-3,由优良天过渡到重度污染天,总水溶性无机离子中二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+)的比例由44.9%上升至77.6%,此次的霾污染过程主要来源于二次无机离子的生成和积累.优良天,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+呈现双模态分布,峰值分别出现在0.43~0.65μm和4.7~5.8μm,而在轻/中度污染天和重度污染天,逐渐转变为单模态分布,峰值出现在0.65~1.1μm,随着高湿度下液相反应的加剧,二次无机离子由凝结模态向液滴模态转移的迹象明显.Na+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)这3种离子在优良天、轻/中度污染天和重度污染天的粒径分布相似,均以粗模态形式存在,在4.7~5.8μm出现峰值;K~+、Cl~-在优良天、轻/中度污染天和重度污染天均为双峰分布,但峰值出现的粒径段有所改变.     

Evaluation of the influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on air quality in southern China from long-term historical observations

•Strong ENSO influence on AOD is found in southern China region. •Low AOD occurs in El Niño but high AOD occurs in La Niña events in southern China. •Angstrom exponent anomalies reveals the circulation pattern during each ENSO phase. •ENSO exerts large influence (70.5%) on annual variations of AOD during 2002–2020. •Change of anthropogenic emissions is the dominant driver for AOD trend (2002–2020). Previous studies demonstrated that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) could modulate regional climate thus influencing air quality in the low-middle latitude regions like southern China. However, such influence has not been well evaluated at a long-term historical scale. To filling the gap, this study investigated two-decade (2002 to 2020) aerosol concentration and particle size in southern China during the whole dynamic development of ENSO phases. Results suggest strong positive correlations between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and ENSO phases, as low AOD occurred during El Niño while high AOD occurred during La Niña event. Such correlations are mainly attributed to the variation of atmospheric circulation and precipitation during corresponding ENSO phase. Analysis of the angstrom exponent (AE) anomalies further confirmed the circulation pattern, as negative AE anomalies is pronounced in El Niño indicating the enhanced transport of sea salt aerosols from the South China Sea, while the La Niña event exhibits positive AE anomalies which can be attributed to the enhanced import of northern fine anthropogenic aerosols. This study further quantified the AOD variation attributed to changes in ENSO phases and anthropogenic emissions. Results suggest that the long-term AOD variation from 2002 to 2020 in southern China is mostly driven (by 64.2%) by the change of anthropogenic emissions from 2002 to 2020. However, the ENSO presents dominant influence (70.5%) on year-to-year variations of AOD during 2002–2020, implying the importance of ENSO on varying aerosol concentration in a short-term period.     

超大城市新粒子生成事件对云凝结核贡献分析

高浓度气溶胶在受人类活动影响的污染地区种类和组成非常复杂,因此,其环境和气候效应引起了广泛关注,但在超大城市背景下气溶胶粒子活化成为云凝结核的过程与边界层的相互作用尚不完全清楚.本研究基于北京（BJ）、上海（SH）、广州（GZ）的观测数据,选取3个城市的春季和冬季（北京冬季11月和广州冬季12月的连续观测,以及上海春季4月的加强观测）集成观测气溶胶数据和云凝结核同期观测的变化并结合其他污染物演化规律,对比分析了新粒子生成事件和环境变量演化对3个超大城市云凝结浓度形成的影响.结果表明,以用云凝结核（CCN）浓度与气溶胶（CN）数浓度的比值作为3个城市的活化率,北京CCN数浓度约为（500±200） #·cm^-3,CN最大浓度小于（1.0×10⁴±0.3×10⁴） #·cm^-3,活化率约为0.07%.上海CCN数浓度为（1500±500） #·cm^-3,CN最大浓度小于（98.0×10⁴±0.3×10⁴） #·cm^-3,最大活化率为0.05%.广州CCN数浓度为（150±30） #·cm^-3,CN最大浓度为（24.0×10³±0.3×10³） #·cm^-3,最大活化率为0.03%.本文旨在阐明气溶胶物理化学性质（粒子谱、化学成分、排放源等的时空演变特征）在不同排放源和大气边界层条件的影响下,造成不同类型的排放和输送过程对气溶胶活化率的影响,对比发现新粒子生成（NPF）期间CCN数浓度明显高于非新粒子生成（Non-NPF）时期,证明NPF发生时对CCN的活化率（AR）有显著的提升,在过饱和度SS=0.1%下,北京达到峰值在4×10^-3附近,广州的最大值约为17×10^-4,上海的最大值为3×10^-3.且在NPF期间气溶胶活化率显著增加,3个超大城市在NPF和Non-NPF期间,CCN数浓度与活化率的关系在上海尤其明显,化学成分包括有机物、硝酸盐和硫酸盐等物质也会影响超大城市地区气溶胶粒子的活化率,对比发现3个城市在NPF期间CCN数浓度和活化率都明显区别于其他时段.发现气溶胶的物理和化学性质以及与活化率的直接关系,可用以评估新粒子生成对区域大气环境（如霾）的影响,并估计气溶胶贡献为CCN的间接气候影响.     

齐口裂腹鱼上溯洄游过程中的感官圈解译研究

选取西南地区典型鱼类齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti,（32.32±2.73） cm）作为实验对象,测试鱼类在上溯过程中应对不同水流环境时的游泳行为,解译不同大小网格尺寸下鱼类的游泳速度、转向次数以及转角和转角差与真实游泳轨迹的匹配程度.结果表明：采用小于或等于0.30m尺寸的网格时,分析得出的鱼类上溯运动平均游泳速度、转向次数以及转角和转角差均与实际情况无显著性差异,另外鱼类更偏向于在0.20~0.40m/s的流速区间内以和水平方向呈-49°~49°的运动搜索范围进行上溯运动.     

南京雾过程对大气气溶胶谱分布及化学组成的影响

为探究南京地区雾过程对气溶胶粒子化学组成和尺度分布的影响,在2017年冬季的雾观测中平行收集了3级分档雾水和分粒径气溶胶样品,并对雾微物理量与气溶胶谱分布、3级分档雾水与雾前、雾中、雾后分粒径气溶胶化学组成对比分析。结果表明,2017年冬季南京第1次雾过程的雾滴液态水含量随粒径分布为不对称“V”型,最低值位于7μm处,第2次雾过程的雾滴液态水含量随粒径分布为3峰型,峰值分别位于5,15,21.5μm处。在雾形成、发展阶段,粒径<0.33μm的气溶胶质量浓度降低,粒径0.38μm气溶胶质量浓度升高,雾成熟阶段,气溶胶粒子质量浓度在全粒径段均达到最低,粒径0.38μm的气溶胶质量浓度大幅降低,与雾前相比,雾后气溶胶质量浓度峰值向大粒径方向移动。雾前,气溶胶水溶性离子组分富集在粒径<0.43μm的小粒子中,随着雾过程进行,成核作用和吸湿增长使得水溶性离子向较大粒径段富集。雾中新生成的气溶胶随着雾滴的蒸发被释放,导致雾后NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺浓度升高。较小粒径的气溶胶中和率更高,雾形成初期的新生雾滴酸性较强,随着雾过程的进行逐渐中和,雾水pH值逐渐升高。     

Ecological Determinants of Distribution Decline and Risk of Extinction in Moths

Abstract:  For successful conservation of species it is important to identify traits that predispose species to the risk of extinction. By identifying such traits conservation efforts can be directed toward species that are most at risk of becoming threatened. We used data derived from the literature to determine ecological traits that affect distribution, distribution change, and the risk of extinction in Finnish noctuid moths (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). The ecological traits we examined included body size, larval specificity, length of the flight period, and overwintering stage. In addition, in monophagous species we examined the effects of resource distribution. Larval specificity, length of the flight period, and the overwintering stage each had an independent effect on the risk of extinction when the effects of other traits were controlled by entering all traits into the same regression model. Not a single trait predicted the risk of extinction when analysis was conducted without controlling for the other traits. This discrepancy among the results suggests that a single trait may not be enough to allow prediction of the risk of extinction. Instead, it seems that for successful, predictive conservation science data on several ecological characteristics are needed.