大尺度薄板激光焊接前后的弹性实验

研究了激光焊接对大尺度薄板弹性的影响。实验测试了焊接前后的弹性ˉ位移曲线。通过显著性检验 ,判断弹性改变是否发生。实验结果对汽车行业采用激光加工技术具有一定的参考意义。     

吸气式管道尺寸及温差对烟颗粒输运的影响

在火灾标准燃烧室中,用扫描电迁移粒谱仪测量单孔采样的吸气管道内5种标准试验火烟雾颗粒浓度和粒径分布的变化,分析管道输运中管道参数对烟颗粒数目浓度损耗和中位径的影响.结果表明,在管道输运中,平均粒径相对较小的热解和阴燃烟雾颗粒.其小于0.1μm的超细颗粒部分的浓度损耗随管道长度的增加而增大,且烟颗粒平均粒径随管道增长而增大.而明火烟雾在管道输运中,由于管道与高温烟雾的温差增大,导致0.1～1 μm颗粒的管壁沉积损耗增大,使烟颗粒数浓度下降,中位径减小了几个纳米.火灾早期,火灾阴燃和热解期间小于0.1 μm的烟颗粒数目浓度占15%以上,因此,用较短的管道或者管道分级预警的方式可以减少滞留时间,提高极早期感烟探测的灵敏度.     

塔里木盆地气溶胶粒度分布研究

使用Series 210收集了塔里木盆地内6个不同地点的气溶胶,获取了该地区气溶胶的粒度分布,并计算了对应的气溶胶数量中位直径。研究发现:在自然情况下,气溶胶分布遵循双峰分布的规律,其中第一峰值通常出现在0.5μm附近,第二峰值出现在3μm附近;由于采样点的气象条件、地表情况等差异所致,不同采样地点的峰位和峰面积有一定的差异;各采样点气溶胶分布规律显示,绝大多数气溶胶粒子粒径小于1μm。自然条件下,大多数采样点气溶胶粒子数量中位直径小于1μm。     

兰州市排污沟污泥磁性物质来源特征及环境意义

文章通过对兰州市七里河沟、烂泥沟、大沙沟和排洪沟中污泥的低频磁化率、金属元素和粒度的测定,证明低频磁化率可以很好地评价排污沟污泥中重金属的来源特征。兰州市排污沟污泥中磁性矿物主要与还原性环境中的金属硫化物、外源道路和大气中人类活动产生的磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿及少量顺磁性矿物,以及黄土高原沙尘暴来源的贡献有关;磁性矿物具有多源性和多类型性特征。排污沟污泥中高有机质含量反映了强烈的人类活动,而人为活动输入的磁性物质是兰州市排污沟污泥中磁性矿物的主要来源。     

Prediction of DOM removal of low specific UV absorbance surface waters using HPSEC combined with peak fitting

High performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) is used in water quality research primarily to determine the molecular weight distribution of the dissolved organic matter (DOM), but by applying peak fitting to the chromatogram, this technique can also be used as a tool to model and predict DOM removal. Six low specific UV absorbance (SUVA) source waters were treated using coagulation with alum and both the source and treated water samples were analysed using HPSEC. By comparing the molecular weight profiles of the source and treated waters, it was established that several DOM components were not effectively removed by alum coagulation even after high dosage alum treatment. A peak-fitting technique was applied based on the concept of linking the character (molecular weight profile) of the recalcitrant organics in the treated water with those of the source water. This was then applied to predict DOM treatability by determining the areas of the peaks which were assigned to removable organics from the source water molecular weight profile after peak fitting, and this technique quantified the removable and non-removable organics. The prediction was compared with the actual dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal determined from jar testing and showed good agreement, with variance between 2% and 10%. This confirmed that this prediction approach, which was originally developed for high SUVA waters, can also be applied successfully to predict DOC removal in low SUVA waters.     

重庆市典型降雨径流中颗粒物粒径与重金属污染输出特征研究

选择重庆市渝北区水泥路面、沥青路面和屋顶面等3种典型的下垫面,以及中华坊、柏林公园汇水区作为新旧城区的典型代表,收集降雨径流样品,研究山地城市降雨径流中颗粒物粒径分布与重金属含量之间的关系。结果表明:在典型场降雨径流事件中,重金属输出形态主要是以颗粒态形式;初期径流中颗粒态Pb、Ni、Cu、Cd和Cr的百分数均超过60%。水泥路面、沥青路面和屋顶面3个下垫面径流中颗粒物粒径<240μm的体积百分数分别为92.66%、86.16%、91.74%,进入下水道后<240μm的颗粒物的体积百分数减少到81.77%;在柏林公园和中华坊汇水区,径流中颗粒物粒径<240μm的体积百分数分别为84.34%和92.13%。水泥路面和沥青路面径流中重金属含量与颗粒物总量均在0.05水平上显著相关;柏林公园和中华坊径流中重金属(除Cr和Pb外)与颗粒物不存在显著相关性。不同粒径段颗粒物与重金属之间的相关性差异明显,重金属主要是与<52μm粒径段的颗粒物总量极显著相关(Pearson相关系数>0.758),表明重金属主要与细小的颗粒物结合,山地城市降雨径流中重金属的污染控制关键是去除下垫面累积的细颗粒。     

发动机燃用GTL柴油的排气颗粒数量及粒径分布规律

以一台汽车电控高压共轨柴油机为样机,采用发动机尾气颗粒粒径谱仪EEPS研究了发动机燃用天然气制油(GTL柴油)的排气颗粒数量及粒径分布规律.所用燃油分别为纯柴油(G0)、纯GTL柴油(G100)及GTL柴油掺混比为10%、20%的燃料(分别表示为G10、G20).试验工况为最大转矩转速1500r.min-1和标定转速2300r.min-1的负荷特性试验,负荷百分比分别为10%、25%、50%、75%和100%.结果表明:无论燃用柴油,还是GTL柴油或混合燃料,该机排气颗粒数量随粒径变化大都呈现明显的双峰对数分布状态,其排气核态颗粒的峰值粒径在10nm附近,聚集态颗粒峰值集中出现在40～50nm之间.随着GTL柴油配比的增加,各工况下不同粒径的颗粒数量大都持续下降,其中,排气核态颗粒数量明显下降,在高速高负荷下更为显著;而聚集态颗粒也较纯柴油有一定的降幅,其中,G20和G100柴油更为明显.     

京津冀典型城市大气颗粒物化学成分同步观测研究

为解析京津冀城市群大气颗粒物化学组成,寻求区域大气污染协同防控方法,分别在北京、天津、唐山和保定4个典型城市和兴隆大气本底对照区设置观测站点,使用环境颗粒物在线监测仪和安德森撞击式9级采样器获取不同粒径段大气颗粒物的质量浓度并分析其化学成分.结果表明,上述4个城市站点PM10年均值（2009年6月～2010年5月）分别...     

长三角冬季一次霾过程气溶胶及其水溶性离子的区域分布特征

为研究长江三角洲地区霾天水溶性离子的区域污染特征,于2013年1月18~24日使用Andersen气溶胶粒度分布采样器和离子色谱仪(850professional IC)对南京、苏州、杭州、宁波这4个城市和临安区域大气本底站的大气气溶胶质量浓度及水溶性离子进行了同期观测分析,并结合天气形势分析了长三角地区大范围霾天气的形成原因及水溶性离子的分布特征.结果表明,观测期间长三角处于高压以及高压前部,气压梯度较大时,低层大气有明显气流辐散,有利于污染物扩散;处于弱低压及弱高压的均压场形势下,并伴随有大气低层气流辐合现象时不利于污染物扩散.观测期间霾天气发展过程中,各监测点的大气颗粒物及其中水溶性离子(TWSS)增加显著;TWSS增加比例分别为杭州0.9%、临安4.2%、南京8.1%.二次离子SO2-4、NO3-、NH+4均为细模态(粒径2.1μm)分布,峰值有一个从0.43~0.65μm向0.65~1.1μm段迁移的过程,Ca2+、Mg2+在4.7~5.8μm出现峰值,Na+、Cl-、K+则呈双模态分布.各监测点TWSS中的二次无机离子SNA(NH+4、SO2-4和NO3-)浓度上升较快,上升百分比分别为杭州3%、临安55%、南京64.9%;SO2-4在SNA中所占比例最大,可达45%;各监测点NO3-/SO2-4的比值均大于固定源NO3-/SO2-4(0.5)比值,可能说明流动源在区域污染过程中对颗粒物的贡献相对较大.     

Unraveling the size distributions of surface properties for purple soil and yellow soil

Soils contain diverse colloidal particles whose properties are pertinent to ecological and human health, whereas few investigations systematically analyze the surface properties of these particles. The objective of this study was to elucidate the surface properties of particles within targeted size ranges (i.e. > 10, 1–10, 0.5–1, 0.2–0.5 and < 0.2 μm) for a purple soil (Entisol) and a yellow soil (Ultisol) using the combined determination method. The mineralogy of corresponding particle-size fractions was determined by X-ray diffraction. We found that up to 80% of the specific surface area and 85% of the surface charge of the entire soil came from colloidal-sized particles (< 1 μm), and almost half of the specific surface area and surface charge came from the smallest particles (< 0.2 μm). Vermiculite, illite, montmorillonite and mica dominated in the colloidal-sized particles, of which the smallest particles had the highest proportion of vermiculite and montmorillonite. For a given size fraction, the purple soil had a larger specific surface area, stronger electrostatic field, and higher surface charge than the yellow soil due to differences in mineralogy. Likewise, the differences in surface properties among the various particle-size fractions can also be ascribed to mineralogy. Our results indicated that soil surface properties were essentially determined by the colloidal-sized particles, and the < 0.2 μm nanoparticles made the largest contribution to soil properties. The composition of clay minerals within the diverse particle-size fractions could fully explain the size distributions of surface properties.