Attitudes and Perceptions about Ecological Resources, Hazards, and Future Land Use of People Living near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory

This paper examines the attitudes and perceptions of local people about ecological resources, environmental hazards, and future land use of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). Such monitoring of attitudes is an important aspect of environmental assessment. We interviewed 262 people who attended the 42nd Annual Free Fishermen's Breakfast at St. Anthony, Idaho, on 23 March 1997. We tested the null hypotheses that there were no differences in perceptions about ecological resources, hazards and future land use of INEEL as a function of gender, age, education, and place of residence. Dumping trash in the ocean and cutting rainforests rated as the environmental problems of highest concern, and ozone, radon and high voltage lines rated the lowest; cleaning up Department of Energy sites rated intermediate. Respondents were most willing to expend government funds to make drinking water clean. Three significant differences were found: 1) women rated environmental problems as more severe than did men, and women were more willing to expend federal funds to solve these problems, 2) respondents under 30 years of age rated environmental problems as more severe than older people, and they were more willing to spend money to solve them, and, 3) respondents who had not finished high school were more concerned with environmental problems and were more willing to spend money to solve them than respondents with a high school education. Maintaining INEEL as a National Environmental Research Park (NERP) rated as the most preferred future land use, followed by continued reprocessing of nuclear materials and hunting. Using INEEL for housing and additional nuclear waste storage rated the lowest. Men rated grazing livestock and additional nuclear waste storage higher than did women. In general, respondents from 30 – 49 rated several economic uses (hunting, grazing livestock, growing crops) higher than did people in other age groups. Respondents with some college rated these economic uses higher than did respondents who had not graduated from high school. These results indicate that respondents living around INEEL believe that INEEL should continue with a reprocessing and NERP mission, but that other peripheral uses, such as hunting, hiking and grazing, should be allowed on some of the land. These views should aid in environmental assessment of the site, and in developing further management plans for INEEL.     

Redistribution of zinc, cadmium, and lead among soil fractions in a sandy calcareous soil due to application of poultry litter

This study was conducted to evaluate, using soil columns, the mobilization and redistribution of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, and Pb) among different soil fractions by soluble organic ligands within poultry litter. Uncontaminated soil was amended with Zn, Cd, and Pb to achieve concentration levels of 400, 8, and 200 mg kg⁻¹ soil, respectively. Columns repacked with this amended soil were leached with distilled water, 0.01 M EDTA, 0.01 M CaCl₂, or poultry litter extract (PLE) solutions. After leaching, the soil samples in the columns were sequentially extracted for exchangeable (EXC), carbonate (CARB) organic matter (OM), Mn oxide (MNO), Fe oxide (FEO), and residual (RES) fractions. Considerable mobilization of Zn, Cd, and Pb occurred in soil during EDTA leaching. Leaching with PLE and CaCl₂ solutions significantly decreased Zn and Cd concentrations in the EXC, CARB, and OM fractions. These solutions significantly decreased Pb concentration in the EXC fraction, while PLE solubilized more Pb from EXC fraction than CaCl₂. Thus, the applied poultry litter may change Zn, Cd, and Pb fractions in metal-amended soil and possibly enhance metal mobility.     

Laboratory longitudinal diffusion tests: 1. Dimensionless formulations and validity of simplified solutions

To obtain reliable diffusion parameters for diffusion testing, multiple experiments should not only be cross-checked but the internal consistency of each experiment should also be verified. In the through- and in-diffusion tests with solution reservoirs, test interpretation of different phases often makes use of simplified analytical solutions. This study explores the feasibility of steady, quasi-steady, equilibrium and transient-state analyses using simplified analytical solutions with respect to (i) valid conditions for each analytical solution, (ii) potential error, and (iii) experimental time. For increased generality, a series of numerical analyses are performed using unified dimensionless parameters and the results are all related to dimensionless reservoir volume (DRV) which includes only the sorptive parameter as an unknown. This means the above factors can be investigated on the basis of the sorption properties of the testing material and/or tracer. The main findings are that steady, quasi-steady and equilibrium-state analyses are applicable when the tracer is not highly sorptive. However, quasi-steady and equilibrium-state analyses become inefficient or impractical compared to steady state analysis when the tracer is non-sorbing and material porosity is significantly low. Systematic and comprehensive reformulation of analytical models enables the comparison of experimental times between different test methods. The applicability and potential error of each test interpretation can also be studied. These can be applied in designing, performing, and interpreting diffusion experiments by deducing DRV from the available information for the target material and tracer, combined with the results of this study.     

汞胁迫对小麦幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

通过营养液培养实验,研究了小麦幼苗在遭受汞胁迫后,地上部及根系抗氧化酶活性的变化．试验表明:小麦幼苗受到汞胁迫后,地上部及根系的超氧化物歧化酶(ＳＯＤ)的活性均显著增加,过氧化氢酶(ＣＡＴ) 的活性也比对照有所增强,但不如ＳＯＤ酶变化迅速,表明ＳＯＤ酶活性是小麦幼苗遭受汞胁迫时比较敏感的生物标记物．但是,小麦幼苗地上部及根系的丙二醛(ＭＤＡ) 含量仍均比对照显著升高,表明小麦幼苗的膜系统受到了一定程度的破坏．试验同时还反映出,汞胁迫对小麦幼苗根系的影响强于对地上部的影响．     

电催化氧化法处理生活污水研究

研究制作了3种金属氧化物修饰电极:Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3、Ti/RuO2-IrO2、Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3-MnO2/PbO2,用这3种电极电解葡萄糖溶液,筛选出了处理效果最好的电极——Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3-MnO2/PbO2电极。通过Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3-MnO2/PbO2电极电解葡萄糖溶液实验,研究了电解时间、电流密度、电解质浓度等因素对电解效果的影响。     

软锰矿浆烟气脱硫资源化利用新工艺

首次建立了"软锰矿浆烟气脱硫制取电解锰、高纯碳酸锰及硫酸铵的废气脱硫资源化利用"工艺,通过对该工艺的实验研究,确定出较优的工艺流程和工艺条件,制得符合(GB3418-82)的电解锰产品和符合(GB10503-89)的高纯碳酸锰产品并回收硫酸铵,实现了从烟气中回收硫资源和提高软锰矿综合利用附加值的目的,并为该法的工业化提供了理论依据和设计参数。研究结果表明,该工艺路线是可行的,开辟了一条既经济又环保的软锰矿烟气脱硫吸收液资源化利用的新途径。     

油田硫酸盐还原菌快速定量检测方法

现有油田废水中硫酸盐还原菌检测周期长、检测费用较高,本研究应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术与倍比稀释法(MPN)相结合的DSR-MPN-PCR法,对硫酸盐还原菌进行快速定量检测.从废水中制备了直接用于PCR扩增的菌液,保证了定量准确性;建立以硫酸盐还原菌亚硫酸盐还原酶基因(Dsr)为靶位点的通用探针DSR1F和DSR5R的反应体系和扩增条件.结果表明,该方法检测灵敏度明显比液体稀释培养法高2个数量级,真实地表征了废水中实际的SRB菌数量,整个操作过程需要3～4　h,检测结果非常稳定,降低了检测费用,可以在生产中应用.     

新一代复杂电子系统可靠性解决方案探讨

本文通过分析复杂电子系统的设计特点及其对RMS的需求,借鉴国外先进成功经验,针对复杂电子系统各层次产品特点及其对传统RMS技术的挑战,提出复杂电子系统可靠性整体解决方案的思路,以抛砖引玉。     

交通系统主体工种的主要职业危害及卫生工程技术发展趋势

提出交通系统主体工种中存在的主要职业危害;简析消除或减轻职业危害的主要途径;论述交通系统卫生工程技术发展趋势。     

液相同时脱硫脱硝技术研究

综述了国内外目前开发的液相同时脱硫脱硝技术,包括湿式洗涤并脱硝(WSA-SNOx)工艺、氯酸氧化工艺(Tri NOx-NOxSorb)、湿式络合吸收(Fe-EDTA金属螯合物联合脱硫脱硝)工艺、乳化黄磷法脱硫脱硝工艺、尿素和添加剂液相脱硫脱硝工艺等新方法.分析了各种工艺的特点及存在问题,并对其应用前景进行了预测.