钻井废弃物无害化处理技术研究及应用

通过对钻井废弃物成分和环境影响的分析,指出川渝地区钻井废弃物固化处理中存在的问题:固化物浸出液中污染物难以达标。对钻井废弃物通过采用破胶固化工艺进行处理,固化物浸出液分析结果表明:COD等达到了GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准,采用该技术和工艺进行现场实施,检测结果达标。     

Comparison of Diuron degradation by direct UV photolysis and advanced oxidation processes

The rates of Diuron elimination by some advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as Fe(III)/UV, Ferrioxalate/UV, Fe(III)/H(2)O(2)/UV, Ferrioxalate/UV/H(2)O(2) and Fe(III)/H(2)O(2) have been compared. Experiments have been conducted at pH=2.3+/-0.1 with a batch reactor equipped with a low-pressure mercury lamp emitting mainly at 253.7nm. Data obtained under the following experimental conditions ([H(2)O(2)](0)=10(-3)M, [Diuron](0)=5x10(-5)M and [Fe(III)](0)=10(-3)M) have shown that rates of Diuron oxidation were higher with the systems Fe(III)/H(2)O(2)/UV and Ferrioxalate/UV/H(2)O(2) than with Fe(III)/UV and Fe(III)/H(2)O(2). On the other hand, Fe(III)/UV was found to be very efficient in mineralization of Diuron solution in comparison to direct UV photolysis. The experimental results showed that radical ()OH is the major pathway in the process of Diuron degradation.     

Catalytic reductive dechlorination of p–chlorophenol in water using Ni/Fe nanoscale particles

Nanoscale bimetallic Ni/Fe particles were synthesized from the reaction of sodium borohydride （NaBH4） with reduction of Ni^2＋ and Fe^2＋ in aqueous solution. The obtained Ni/Fe particles were characterized by TEM （transmission electron microscope）, XRD （X-ray diffractometer）, and N2-BET. The dechlorination activity of the Ni/Fe was investigated using p-chlorophenol （p-CP） as a probe agent. Results demonstrated that the nanoscale Ni/Fe could effectively dechlorinate p-CP at relatively low metal to solution ratio of 0.4 g/L （Ni 5 wt%）. The target with initial concentration ofp-CP 0.625 mmol/L was dechlorinted completely in 60 rain under ambient temperature and pressure. Factors affecting dechlorination efficiency, including reaction temperature, pH, Ni loading percentage over Fe, and metal to solution ratio, were investigated. The possible mechanism of dechlorination ofp-CP was proposed and discussed. The pseudo-first- order reaction took place on the surface of the Ni/Fe bimetallic particles, and the activation energy of the dechlorination reaction was determined to be 21.2 kJ/mol at the temperature rang of 287-313 K.     

天山污水厂除臭工程试验研究

介绍了上海天山污水厂污泥浓缩池采用天然植物提取液进行除臭的试验研究,针对污泥产生的恶臭气体,复配的天然植物提取液经净化器挥发后,在半封闭的空间内实现了H2S气体平均去除率96%以上,彻底改善了周边居民的生活环境.     

水面有限长油膜下油滴输移扩散方程的解析解

在所给定的边界条件下，进行严密的数学推导，给出了油滴输移扩散方程的解析解。分析了解的合理性，讨论了与可对比解析解的一致性，其结果是令人满意的。此解对河流、水库、海洋事故溢油引起的水体油污染计算具有实际应用价值，也具有重要理论意义。     

铅胁迫对小麦幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

通过营养液培养实验,研究小麦幼苗在遭受铅胁迫后,地上部及根系抗氧化酶活性的变化.试验表明:小麦幼苗受到铅胁迫后,地上部及根系的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著增加,根系中过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性也比对照有所增加,但不如SOD酶变化剧烈,表明SOD酶活性是比较敏感的生物指标(biomarker).但是,小麦幼苗地上部及根系的丙二醛(MDA)含量仍均比对照显著升高,表明小麦幼苗的膜系统受到了一定程度的破坏.试验同时还反映出,铅胁迫对小麦幼苗根系的影响远远强于地上部.     

南四湖湿地六种水生植物的磷素根际效应

利用根际土壤溶液的原位抽提和微量样品分析技术,对南四湖湿地的芦苇(Phragmites communis)、芦竹(Arundo donax)、香蒲(Typha latifolia)、水葱(Scirpus validus)、茭草(Zizania aquatica)和喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)等6种水生植物进行了野外原位根际土壤溶液的磷素浓度分析,并从根系形态、磷素吸收利用有效性、根际土壤有效磷素和pH值变化等根际效应差异,揭示不同种类湿地植物磷素净化效率差异的内在机制.结果表明,香蒲对磷素的吸收最大;其次是芦苇、芦竹和茭草;再次是水葱和喜旱莲子草.香蒲的根际土壤溶液磷素浓度(PO43-,0.37μg/L)显著低于非根际区浓度(PO43-,0.47μg/L);而芦苇、芦竹和水葱则表现为根际土壤磷素浓度高于非根际.香蒲通过强大的根系获取了较多的磷素,芦竹则通过根际酸化促进了根系对磷素的吸收,实现了根际土壤较高的磷素去除率.喜旱莲子草根际土壤有效磷增加了48%,可能是由于其较强的根际酸化(pH值降低约0.9)增加了土壤磷素向水体流失的风险,故在湿地磷素修复中应避免使用.     

低温碱溶粉煤灰中硅和铝的溶出规律研究

采用低温碱溶法对粉煤灰中硅和铝(分别以氧化硅和氧化铝计)的溶出规律进行了研究,考察了粉煤灰热处理温度、碱浓度、溶出时间、溶出温度等因素对粉煤灰中硅和铝溶出量的影响.结果表明:在热处理温度为950℃,碱浓度为2～3 mol/L,溶出温度为120～130℃,溶出时间为4～6 h时,氧化硅的溶出量为29.23%,氧化铝的溶出量为1.26%,溶出比为23.63,可实现粉煤灰中硅和铝的分步溶出,并利用XRD对溶出结果进行了分析.      

拉林河水环境质量现状与污染源分析研究

为了解拉林河流域的水环境质量及污染物来源,在平水期,对拉林河干流沿线进行现场勘查及断面水质监测。结果表明:拉林河上游沙河子镇断面水质呈Ⅰ类~Ⅱ类(除总氮外),中游五常市下游断面呈Ⅲ类~劣Ⅴ类,下游入松花江口断面呈Ⅲ类~Ⅳ类。拉林河黑龙江省境内沿河村镇每年排放的生活污水、垃圾、畜禽粪污、化肥、农药产生的CODcr、氨氮、总氮、总磷的贡献量分别为10万吨、1.69万吨、2.96万吨、2 881吨。     

蚀刻废液及其回收后生产的铜盐产品中PCDD/Fs含量水平及分布特征

通过高分辨气相色谱-高分辨磁质谱联用仪(HRGC-HRMS)测定了蚀刻废液及其回收利用后生产的铜盐产品中17种2,3,7,8取代PCDD/Fs的浓度.结果表明,蚀刻废液中PCDD/Fs浓度范围为0～3 460 pg·L-1,平均值为616 pg·L-1,毒性当量浓度WHO-TEQ范围为0～246 pg·L-1,平均值为42.9 pg·L-1;铜盐产品中PCDD/Fs浓度范围为1.08～24.6 ng·kg-1,平均值为8.83 ng·kg-1,毒性当量浓度WHO-TEQ范围为0.112～0.715 ng·kg-1,平均值为0.338 ng·kg-1.通过净化处理工艺可以除去蚀刻废液中大部分PCDD/Fs.在蚀刻废液生产的各级产品中,工业级产品中PCDD/Fs浓度高于饲料级与电镀级产品.各铜盐产品中PCDD/Fs具有相似的单体分布特征:①PCDFs的百分含量明显高于PCDDs;②除硫酸铜类产品中的2,3,7,8-TCDF外,单体的氯取代数越大,百分比含量越高.