水溶法采盐矿区地面塌陷机理分析

为了防范钻井水溶法开采盐矿诱发卤水溢出、地面塌陷等愈发严重的地质环境和公共安全问题,本文以安徽省定远县东兴盐矿为例,对采空区地面塌陷灾害机理进行了深入研究.根据岩盐矿体的埋藏条件和采空区地面塌陷的过程,结合帕斯卡定律讨论了盐矿采空区顶板岩层保持稳定的前提,是必须保持采空区密闭为基本条件;通过尖点突变模型给出的顶板岩层大变形失稳突变条件,是采空区的封闭性遭受破坏、卤水外溢导致顶板岩层失去支撑;根据ЛротодъякоНов塌落拱理论等方法估算了采空区顶板岩层失稳对地面的影响程度,提出了对开采盐矿诱发地面塌陷灾害的防范措施,对其它地区同类矿山安全开采具有重要的指导意义.     

非平行壁面采场充填体三维应力分布规律研究*

为研究上下盘非平行壁面倾斜采场充填体应力分布规律,选取倾斜采场中三维水平充填层作为微分计算单元,基于极限平衡法考虑其竖直方向的受力平衡,提出非平行壁面的倾斜采场充填体的三维应力解析解,并分析不同参数对应力分布规律的影响。研究结果表明:三维条件下非平行壁面倾斜采场充填体竖向应力分布形式同平面应变条件下类似,在计算深度较小时竖向应力为近线性分布,随着计算深度的增加竖向应力增加率逐渐减小,但应力数值相对平面应变条件下较低。上盘倾角一定时,下盘倾角越大则拱效应越不明显;采场高度一定时,高宽比越大,拱效应越显著。充填体—围岩界面内摩擦角对充填体内拱效应影响较大,界面黏聚力和充填体抗剪强度参数对充填体应力分布影响相对较小。研究结果可为充填体强度设计提供参考。     

Novel Al-doped carbon nanotubes with adsorption and coagulation promotion for organic pollutant removal

Al-doped carbon nanotubes (Al-doped CNTs) were prepared as a multifunctional integrated material of adsorbent and coagulant aid for organic pollutant removal from aqueous solution. It was observed that aluminum species were dispersed homogeneously on the surface of CNTs, and mainly anchored onto defect structures of the CNTs. The introduction of aluminium efficiently improved adsorption ability for methyl orange (MO) onto the CNTs, and maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir isotherm model can reach 69.7 mg/g. The MO adsorption kinetics can be better described by the pseudo-second-order and pore diffusion kinetic models, and the diffusion of MO anions into pores of the Al-doped CNT adsorbent should be the rate-determining step. Thermodynamic analyses indicated that the adsorption of MO onto Al-CNTs-2.0 was endothermic and spontaneous. Moreover, adsorption capacity for MO on the Al-doped CNTs was evidently dependent on the CNT dose, solution pH and adsorbent dose. From the perspective of low-cost and multifunctional, suspension obtained during the Al-doped CNT adsorbent preparation, was tested as coagulant to remove humic acid (HA). A significant observation is that the suspension exhibited an excellent coagulation performance for HA, because abundant aluminous polymer and Al-doped CNTs existed in the suspension.     

改性与成型层状氢氧化镁铝对不同水体中PO43- 的脱除性能

利用大型工业设备制备出性能稳定的粉末层状氢氧化镁铝(500 kg.批-1,记为Mg-Al LDH),采用沉积法将Mg-Al LDH进行改性与成型,研究了改性与成型层状氢氧化镁铝(记为MG Mg-Al CLDH)对水溶液、废水、不同地带海水中PO34-的动态吸附脱除及再生性能.结果表明,MG Mg-Al CLDH能够有效脱除不同水体中的PO34-,满足污水综合排放一级标准或海水水质一级标准.MG Mg-Al CLDH对PO34-脱除主要是通过离子交换和"结构记忆"效应共同实现的.MG Mg-Al CLDH对水溶液中PO34-的穿透吸附量是未改性时的6倍以上,再生率为126.24%,PO34-的穿透曲线受固定床高度、流量、溶液初始浓度、溶液初始pH值的影响,液膜扩散是吸附过程的主控步骤.当溶液初始浓度低至4.61 mg.L-1时,MG Mg-Al CLDH能将某污水处理厂二级出水中PO34-有效脱除,满足污水综合排放一级标准.当PO34-浓度低至0.38μmol.L-1,MG Mg-Al CLDH仍能将其从海水中有效脱除,达到海水水质一级标准,为解决Mg-Al LDH在实际应用中存在粉末易堵塞床体、无法实现固液分离和再生的问题及水体中磷的脱除提供了一条新型可行之路.     

Effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances in anaerobic digested sludge

The composition and effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of the stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in anaerobic digested sludge were determined. The total EPS in anaerobic digested sludge were extracted by the cation exchange resin method. Another EPS extraction method, the centrifugation and sonication technique was employed to stratify the EPS into three fractions: slime, loosely bound (LB)-EPS, and tightly bound (TB)-EPS from the outside to the inside of the anaerobic digested sludge. Proteins and polysaccharides were dispersed uniformly across the different EPS fractions, and humic-like substances were mainly partitioned in the slime, with TB-EPS second. Protein was the major constituent of the LB-EPS and TB-EPS, and the corresponding ratios ranged from 54.0% to 65.6%. The hydrophobic part in the EPS chemical components was primarily comprised of protein and DNA, while the hydrophilic part was mainly composed of polysaccharide. In the slime, the hydrophobic values of several EPS chemical components (protein, polysaccharide, humic-like substances and DNA) were all below 50%. The protein/polysaccharide ratio had a significant influence on the Zeta potentials and isoelectric point values of the EPS: the greater the protein/polysaccharide ratio of the EPS was, the greater the Zeta potential and the higher the isoelectric point value were. All Zeta potentials of the EPS showed a decreasing trend with increasing pH. The corresponding isoelectric point values (pH) were 2.8 for total EPS, 2.2 for slime, 2.7 for LB-EPS, and 2.6 for TB-EPS. As the ionic strength increased, the Zeta potentials sharply increased and then gradually became constant without charge reversal. In addition, as the temperature increased (< 40°C), the apparent viscosity of the EPS decreased monotonically and then gradually became stable between 40 and 60°C.     

我国页岩气勘查开发中的环境影响问题研究

我国页岩气开发仅处于理论研究阶段,但面对强劲的开发势头,提前开展相关问题研究十分必要;根据国外页岩气开发的工程经验,结合我国地质条件从页岩气勘探开发的工程特点入手,分析其可能产生的环境影响问题,并提出页岩气工程环境影响研究方向和评价体系,为我国页岩气开发工程的可持续发展提供科学参考。     

废旧轮胎在国内外道路工程中的应用现状

汽车工业的发展和汽车数量的增加,在给人民生活带来方便的同时,也产生了大量的废旧轮胎。废旧轮胎的堆积和不当处理,将对生态环境带来严重的污染,国内外学者对废旧轮胎的综合利用开展了大量的研究,将废旧轮胎经粉碎等处理制成橡胶沥青,应用于道路工程不仅提高了道路的耐热等性能,而且减少了生态环境污染,具有良好的社会效益、经济效益和环境效益。本文介绍了国内外对废旧轮胎在道路工程中的应用情况,通过与国外研究和工程实践的对比,指出了我国在此方面研究中存在的问题,为进一步废旧轮胎在道路工程中综合利用提供指导作用。     

基于DEA-TOPSIS时间序列的建筑业政府安全监管效率分析

为对建筑业政府安全监管效率进行科学合理的评价,优化资源配置,提高资源利用率,提升监管水平,在建立效率评价指标体系的基础上,将数据包络分析法(DEA)和优劣解距离法(TOPSIS)组合,构建建筑业政府安全监管效率评价模型,对2012—2019年西安市建筑业政府安全监管效率进行实证分析。结果表明：该模型能较好地应用于建筑业政府安全监管效率评价,通过获取政府投入指标的松弛变量值,分析建筑业政府安全监管效率,为政府优化资源配置提供借鉴。     

几种不锈钢和镍在高温碱液中的腐蚀行为

目的为了减少制碱设备在碱液蒸发浓缩阶段发生的严重腐蚀。方法采用静浸泡、电化学稳态极化测试技术、光学显微镜和扫描电镜(SEM)观察,以及XRD,XPS腐蚀产物分析等试验方法,研究几种材料(26-1,30-2,18-8Ti和Ni)在高温高浓碱液中的腐蚀行为。结果在150℃、50%Na OH的碱液中,加入NaClO_3会使18-8Ti的耐蚀性提高,却使镍的耐蚀性降低。只有碱液中NaClO_3含量适量时(如0.15%NaClO_3),才能使26-1和30-2和耐蚀性提高,NaClO_3含量过多或过少,均使26-1和30-2耐蚀性降低。结论 Cl–的加入能够降低镍和18-8Ti和耐蚀性,而使30-2的耐蚀性提高,与18-8Ti相比,26-1和30-2的耐蚀性有着显著的提高。     

热水锅炉运行的常见问题及对策

介绍了热水锅炉汽化，排污，排气与除氧，腐蚀和积灰等常见故障对锅炉安全运行的影响，并提出了相应的处理对策。