Economic resilience to natural and man-made disasters: Multidisciplinary origins and contextual dimensions

Economic resilience is a major way to reduce losses from disasters. Its effectiveness would be further enhanced if it could be precisely defined and measured. This paper distinguishes static economic resilience—efficient allocation of existing resources—from dynamic economic resilience—speeding recovery through repair and reconstruction of the capital stock. Operational definitions are put forth that incorporate this important distinction. The consistency of the definitions is examined in relation to antecedents from several disciplines. The effectiveness of economic resilience is evaluated on the basis of recent empirical studies. In addition, its potential to be enhanced and eroded is analyzed in various contexts.     

Making sense of natural hazard mitigation: Personal,social and cultural influences

Worldwide, recognition of the growing risk faced by communities in many countries from natural hazard events has stimulated interest in promoting people's capacity to co-exist with often beneficial, but occasionally hazardous, natural processes by encouraging the adoption of preparedness measures. Starting from recognition that levels of hazard preparedness are generally low, this paper examines how people's decisions about hazard mitigation derive from how they interpret the hazards, their relationship with the hazards and the sources of information about hazards. It describes how interpretive processes at the person (outcome expectancy), community (community participation and collective efficacy) and societal (empowerment and trust) level interact to predict levels of hazard preparedness. The data support the argument that the effectiveness of public hazard education strategies community preparedness can be increased by integrating risk management activities with community development strategies. The cross-cultural validity of the model is discussed using data from communities in New Zealand, Indonesia and Japan. Testing the model across countries and hazards (e.g. earthquakes, volcanic hazards) supports its all-hazards and cross-cultural applicability. The theoretical (e.g. identifying the degree to which the processes that underpin how people respond to hazard threats are culturally equivalent) and practical (e.g. providing a common basis for collaborative learning and research between countries and providing risk management agencies in different cultures with access to a wider range of risk management options) implications of the cross-cultural equivalence of the model are discussed.     

Progress in natural hazard risk reduction: What hath development wrought?

The development-disaster risk management agenda has been shaped over the last 25 years by development policies and practices that have isolated lesser developed countries' development agenda from dealing with risk to natural hazards, by intentional actions to create a theory and practice of disaster risk management alongside other cross-cutting issues, by attempting to nurture emergency management in the context of disaster risk management and by fostering competition for resources. Sovereign states, multilateral development banks and the international development community should collaborate in shifting paradigms to: consider all development actions as initiatives to reduce risk; separate emergency management policy and practice from disaster risk management; fold disaster risk management and climate change adaptation into development planning and lending processes so as to address risk to natural hazards; promote hazard, vulnerability and risk information as a public good; and insist on accountability and responsibility to natural hazard risk all along the development continuum.     

城市轨道交通危险源分类优化方案及应用

如何准确查找城市轨道交通运营过程中存在危险源,避免或减少运营事故的发生,是城市轨道交通运营企业风险管理工作的重要内容。通过对国内运营成熟的城市轨道交通运营企业及其他行业在风险源管理工作的对比分析,提出了城市轨道交通危险源登记手册及危险源分类的优化设计方案,并将其应用于国内某市城市轨道交通的车辆中心、综合机电中心、自动化中心等关键部门的危险源统计分析工作中,得到了较好的效果,为提升国内城市轨道交通运营企业的风险管理提供了有益的支撑。     

纳米氧化锌的健康危害与生态安全性研究进展(Review of Health Hazards and Ecological Safety of Nano-ZnO)

随着纳米ZnO的大量生产和广泛应用,其将不可避免地进入环境和生命体中,从而对人类健康和生态系统安全性造成危害,因此纳米ZnO的生物安全性和生态毒理学问题已引起了普遍关注.论文系统总结了目前关于纳米ZnO的生物学效应的研究现状,综述了纳米ZnO对生物体、细胞、和生态系统的影响,探讨了纳米ZnO可能产生毒性的作用机制,并分析了目前存在的问题,希望为今后进一步研究纳米ZnO的毒性效应并建立完善的健康与安全评价系统提供参考.     

区域定量风险评价方法及其在化工园区中的运用

介绍区域定量风险评价的基本原理和评价指标,建立风险计算模型,给出定量风险评价的程序,提出区域定量风险评价方法;利用开发的个人风险计算软件,对某化工园区中区域风险进行了评价;通过分析计算,给出了该区域的个人风险等值线分布图和社会风险图;结果表明,园区中3家企业的重大危险源需进一步采取措施降低风险,使该化工园区的个人风险和社会风险符合推荐标准的要求。该方法为全面了解化工园区风险提供了理论依据,对化工园区装置的布置和科学规划具有重要的指导意义。     

作业场所职业危害防护工作监管模式的设计研究

准确了解某地区作业场所职业危害防护现状,制定科学可行的监管模式,对实际职业危害防护工作意义重大。本文分析了靖江地区作业场所职业危害防护状况尤其是重点行业企业在选址、布局,工艺流程与车间设计、工程防护技术、管理等情况,同时依据工业企业设计卫生标准、建设项目职业病危害评价规范,结合国内外职业病流行病学状况与科学的管理理念,提出职业卫生监管模式,指导职业卫生监管工作实践,本文对其他地区开展作业场所职业卫生工作有参考价值。     

煤炭行业职业卫生现状调查研究

为了掌握煤炭行业职业卫生现状及职业健康监管提供决策依据,并检验作业场所职业卫生统计指标体系的科学性和可行性,在北京、四川和宁夏三个地区199处煤矿开展了煤炭行业职业卫生统计调查。本次调查采用分层抽样的方式,样本量满足了抽样设计需求,调查内容主要针对接触职业危害人数、职业危害因素检测、职业健康体检和职业病及工作日损失四个方面,通过不同地区、不同规模和不同类型的煤矿统计分析,发现了当前煤矿职业卫生存在的突出问题,并提出了针对性的措施;同时在调查地区煤矿和煤矿安全监察机构试用职业卫生统计指标体系,实施煤炭行业职业卫生统计信息系统直报,其中职业卫生信息统计分析系统操作简便,功能强大,特别是直接生成职业卫生统计分析报告功能受到了各级监管人员的好评,为进一步完善指标体系和在全国推广奠定了良好的基础。     

医务人员职业健康危害及其关键控制环节

通过查阅、分析大量文献,结合实际工作经验,系统阐述了医务人员面临的主要职业危害因素,并针对我国医务人员职业危害现状和防治工作中存在的主要问题,提出防治关键环节和措施。分析表明:我国医务人员职业暴露危害严重;医务人员的生命质量和平均寿命低于普通人群;医院职业卫生立法和技术标准滞后;防治措施不力,医务人员职业健康权益得不到有效保护。同时指出对医务人员职业危害防治的关键措施:必须通过加强科学研究、制定法规标准、建设医院安全文化、加强宣传教育和培训、推广免疫接种和防护技术、科学设计工作流程、加强心理疏导等关键措施,有效防治医务人员职业健康危害。     

人的不安全行为对高危行业从业人员安全评价的影响研究

从危险源、事故隐患的理念出发,定义安全工程中"不安全人"的概念;提出了某些从业人员由于生理心理上的影响,因而有其不可控制性;存在着不可控制的隐患,需要进行基于定量方法的测量、辨识和评估。在现代安全工程需要安全评价的基础上,建立一套全新的针对高危行业从业人员的安全评价方法,是对目前的安全评价的有益补充。