秦皇岛市崩塌环境地质灾害特征及其防治对策

近年来,随着人类工程活动的加剧,秦皇岛市崩塌地质灾害频繁发生,对人民生命财产安全和生存环境造成很大威胁。秦皇岛市环境地质灾害以崩塌为主,多分布在北部低山丘陵区,具有崩塌数量多、密度高、危害大、变形模数大、规模以中小型为主、诱发因素清楚、宏观前兆明显、可预防性强的特点,地质灾害发育呈明显的季节性和地域性分布规律。针对上述特征,崩塌地质灾害的防治应采用群测群防、避让及工程治理措施。     

我国海岸带灾害的加剧发展及其防御方略

中国大陆海岸带绵长1.8万公里,地跨12个省市,是我国人口密集、经济发展最快的地区。出现的严重灾害有台风、风暴潮、洪涝、地震海啸、海岸侵蚀、盐水入侵、海冰、地基下沉、污染、赤潮等十类,并互相叠加,形成年直接经济损失100亿元以上。全球海平面上升与人类活动加强,使海岸带灾害加剧发展,粗略估计到下世纪初中期,导致的损失可能达到1000亿元以上,是海岸带经济发展的重要制约因素。必须提高全民防灾意识,在调查研究基础上,拟订海岸带减灾规划;加强灾害的监测、预报和预警;加高加固防潮防洪大堤与护岸工程,疏浚内陆洼地和城市排洪河道,提高排水能力;保护地下水源,严格限制过量开采,以防止地面下沉和盐水入侵;合理开发海岸带资源,保护生态环境,严格限制超标排污;积极参加国际合作,逐步限制CO_2等温室气体的排放,和缓海平面上升趋势,争取大幅度减轻海岸带灾害。     

自然因素与工程作用对山区道路泥石流、滑坡形成的影响

山区道路泥石流、滑坡减灾已成为保障道路工程和交通安全的重要问题。为了有效地开展道路减灾,系统地分析了泥石流、滑坡形成的基本因素——地质条件、地貌条件、水源条件和人为因素;探讨了道路施工阶段和道路建成以后道路工程对泥石流、滑坡形成的影响,得出通过开挖、堆填、排水等道路工程建设活动,改变了沿线地质、地形、水文、植被等条件,可能导致泥石流、滑坡形成,产生人为灾害。因此,道路工程施工中应注意处理好开挖、堆填、排水等问题。     

全员参与在双重预防机制中的重要性及应用

为了更好地推进双重预防机制建设,确保其实施的有效性,基于全员参与双重预防机制建设的重要性,以中航锂电科技有限公司集成车间为例分析了全员参与的实施效果。结果表明:实施全员参与双重预防机制建设后,非安全员每月发现的危险源和隐患数量平均占总数量的50%以上,最高可达79%;事故数量比上一年降低75%。全员参与对双重预防机制建设的有效性,起着决定性作用。     

Flammability estimation of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide

Ionic liquids (ILs) are known as room temperature molten salts, which are considered green replacement to traditional organic solvents. The fire hazards of traditional organic solvents mainly depend on the combustibility of their vapors, thus ILs are generally regarded as nonflammable owing to their low volatility. However, recent studies show that ILs may combust due to the potential hazards of thermal decomposition, indicating the issue of fire and explosion of ILs are eager to be evaluated during the applications. In this study, the fire and explosion hazards of IL 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C₆mim][NTf₂]) are explored in different aspects. The traditional definition of the flammability for the common organic solvent is not thoroughly applicable to [C₆mim][NTf₂] due to the low volatility. Furthermore, the common definition of reactivity for traditional organic solvents also fails to apply, because the decomposition reaction is indeed an endothermic reaction. However, the auto-ignition of some decomposition products will result in fire and explosion hazards for [C₆mim][NTf₂]. Therefore the application of such data in safety purposes should be very careful.     

综合危险性指数法在东港区地质灾害易发区划分中的应用

本文考虑了引发地质灾害发生的自然因素和人为因素,选用了影响地质灾害发生的地质条件、地形地貌条件、气候植被条件、人为条件、地质灾害规模、分布密度、活动频次、险情这8个因素作为地质灾害综合危险性指数法的评价因子,对东港区的地质灾害进行易发定量评价,将东港区划分为地质灾害高、中、低和非易发区四个等级。     

职业危害风险管控技术在煤化工装置中的应用研究

通过对甲醇装置的现场调查、工程分析,运用职业危害风险评估技术,开展了煤化工装置职业危害风险辨识及控制措施研究,识别出生产过程中存在的职业病危害因素,结合检测资料,分析了其危害程度,并提出控制措施。装置存在的职业病危害因素主要有煤尘、一氧化碳、甲醇、硫酸、氨、硫化氢、二氧化硫、氢氧化钠、噪声。针对危害情况,从卫生工程、个体防护、职业卫生管理等方面提出危害的关键控制点实施风险管控,为防控煤化工企业职业病危害提供科学依据。     

Comparative assessment of respiratory and other occupational health effects among elementary workers

Objective. This study was conducted to assess hazards faced by elementary workers. Methods. A questionnaire survey and a respiratory function test (spirometry) were carried out on 150 respondents. Results. Major hazards identified related to sharp objects, heavy weight lifting, thermally harsh conditions, working at height, whole body vibration, chemicals, pathogens, increased noise levels and confined space entry. Workers suffered from upper and lower respiratory disorder symptoms, digestive problems, optical and musculoskeletal issues, etc. Spirometric measurement showed obstructive lung disorders to be highest among construction workers (CW) (48%) followed by sanitation workers (SW) (32%) and solid waste pickers (SWP) (28%). Restrictive lung pattern was dominant among SW (56%) followed by SWP (46%) and CW (42%). The observed FEV₁/FVC in diseased SWP, SW and CW ranged from 51 to 96%, from 52 to 98% and from 31 to 99% respectively while observed mean FEV₁ was 2.15, 1.79 and 1.70 L, respectively. Conclusion. The study findings show that occupational exposure can significantly influence respiratory system impairment and contribute to other ailments among elementary workers. The study recommends use of appropriate protective equipment and regular medical examination for early recognition of any health risk so that timely interventions for effective management may be undertaken.     

Influence of the milling tool setup on occupational safety in furniture making

One of the most serious causes of accidents in furniture making is kickback of machined material. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the milling tool setup on hazards associated with kickback in furniture making. The speed of kickback was accepted as the measure of these hazards. The experiment involved controlled changes in milling tool setup, projection of cutting knives over the body of the milling tool, number of cutting knives and clearance angle. Multifactor analysis of variance was applied to the results of individual experiments, showing statistically significant factors and their interactions. Inspection and analysis of traces left by the cutting knives of the tools on the test pieces made of wood materials supported inferential statistics. The obtained results verified some common opinions and ideas on the impact of the milling tool setup on the hazards resulting from kickback in furniture making.     

焊接作业中的危害因素及防护

结合国内外焊接作业中安全管理的特点及石油化工施工企业的实际管理经验,对金属焊接作业中存在的潜在危害进行了分析,并提出了减少和避免这些危害的有效措施.