深圳地区地质环境特征与地质灾害防治

通过对深圳地区的地形地貌、地质构造以及气候条件等地质环境特征的调查分析,总结研究了该地区地质灾害的主要类型及地质灾害与地质环境之间的关系,并对深圳地区地质灾害的防治提出了加强地质灾害调查与研究工作、应用先进的监测技术创建地质灾害预警预报系统和提高地质灾害防治的勘察设计和管理水平等防治对策.     

Exposure to fall hazards and safety climate in the aircraft maintenance industry

PROBLEM: Falls represent a significant occupational hazard, particularly in industries with dynamic work environments. This paper describes rates of noncompliance with fall hazard prevention requirements, perceived safety climate and worker knowledge and beliefs, and the association between fall exposure and safety climate measures in commercial aircraft maintenance activities. METHODS: Walkthrough observations were conducted on aircraft mechanics at two participating facilities (Sites A and B) to ascertain the degree of noncompliance. Mechanics at each site completed questionnaires concerning fall hazard knowledge, personal safety beliefs, and safety climate. Questionnaire results were summarized into safety climate and belief scores by workgroup and site. Noncompliance rates observed during walkthroughs were compared to the climate-belief scores, and were expected to be inversely associated. RESULTS: Important differences were seen in fall safety performance between the sites. The study provided a characterization of aircraft maintenance fall hazards, and also demonstrated the effectiveness of an objective hazard assessment methodology. Noncompliance varied by height, equipment used, location of work on the aircraft, shift, and by safety system. DISCUSSION: Although the expected relationship between safety climate and noncompliance was seen for site-average climate scores, workgroups with higher safety climate scores had greater observed noncompliance within Site A. Overall, use of engineered safety systems had a significant impact on working safely, while safety beliefs and climate also contributed, though inconsistently. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The results of this study indicate that safety systems are very important in reducing noncompliance with fall protection requirements in aircraft maintenance facilities. Site-level fall safety compliance was found to be related to safety climate, although an unexpected relationship between compliance and safety climate was seen at the workgroup level within site. Finally, observed fall safety compliance was found to differ from self-reported compliance.     

化学工业重大事故的多米诺效应分析

针对化学工业重大事故多米诺效应的严重后果,进行重大事故多米诺效应发生规律的研究。在指出触发重大事故多米诺效应发生条件和发生模式的基础上,设计重大事故多米诺效应的研究程序。借助生成重大火灾爆炸事故场景和其后果分析方法,建立多米诺效应概率分析的数学模型,利用VB开发了多米诺效应计算软件DOMISOFWARE,解决较为复杂的重大事故多米诺效应概率的计算问题。研究表明,爆炸事故总是较火灾事故具有更高触发多米诺效应的可能性,并且火灾和爆炸触发加压设备发生多米诺效应的概率与常压设备相比随间距增大几乎呈线性下降;确定了爆炸和火灾触发多米诺效应的概率和临界距离。研究结果对于化工装置的安全设计和重大事故的预防控制具有重要的指导意义。     

WebGIS在作业场所职业危害监管信息系统中的应用

作业场所职业危害监管具有很强的时空特性,将WebGIS应用于作业场所职业危害监管信息系统,可将空间区域信息和职业危害及监管信息相结合,为政府提供方便、快捷、可视化的职业危害监管依据。由于WebGIS系统空间数据量大、服务器过载、网络传输速度慢等问题降低了系统响应速度,限制了在职业危害监管信息系统中的应用。作业场所职业危害监管分为"国家-省级-市级-县级-用人单位"5级逻辑结构,而WebGIS的功能需求分为"国家-省级-市级-县级"4级逻辑结构,笔者将WebGIS的空间数据分为"国家-省级-市级-县级"4级分布式存储,有效地解决了WebGIS的瓶颈问题,提高了系统响应速度,同时也满足作业场所职业危害监管信息系统的功能需求。     

我国地方煤矿职业危害现状调查报告

目的：通过对华东、东北、华北、西南4个地区4个省市的1个地方国有集团公司、16个地方国有煤矿的调查,了解我国地方国有煤矿的职业危害现状。方法：通过现场调查的方法,抽取4个省市的1个地方国有集团公司16个地方国有煤矿,对其职业危害防治管理、职业危害监测、职业危害防护及健康监护等方面进行调查。结果：被调查的地方国有煤矿47．06％有职业危害防治领导机构;采煤工作面总尘浓度平均超标10．7倍,呼尘浓度平均超标4．6倍;职业健康监护岗前体检100％,离岗体检为0,专家抽检尘肺病检出率5．12％。结论：我国地方国有煤矿职业危害防治管理水平参差不齐,作业场所粉尘浓度超标,尘肺病危害比较严重。     

重大危险源大规模人群疏散决策模型研究

为在重大危险源应急救灾中给决策人员提供最优的人群疏散方案,提高抢险救灾能力,将疏散过程分为两个阶段——先将灾民疏散至临时疏散救援点,再根据灾民受伤的严重程度有选择地将其疏散至定点医院进行救治。综合考虑灾害对人群疏散造成的影响,将道路危险系数等参数加入目标函数中,将灾区按灾害程度赋予不同的优先疏散系数并将之反映在时间满意度上,以总疏散时间最小为目标函数,建立疏散模型,并应用遗传算法进行求解。最后,通过MATLAB进行仿真计算。研究结果表明:模型和算法给出的疏散策略是有效的。     

Visual performance for trip hazard detection when using incandescent and led miner cap lamps

Introduction

Accident data for 2003-2007 indicate that slip, trip, and falls (STFs) are the second leading accident class (17.8%, n = 2,441) of lost-time injuries in underground mining. Proper lighting plays a critical role in enabling miners to detect STF hazards in this environment. Often, the only lighting available to the miner is from a cap lamp worn on the miner's helmet. The focus of this research was to determine if the spectral content of light from light-emitting diode (LED) cap lamps enabled visual performance improvements for the detection of tripping hazards as compared to incandescent cap lamps that are traditionally used in underground mining. A secondary objective was to determine the effects of aging on visual performance.

Method

The visual performance of 30 subjects was quantified by measuring each subject's speed and accuracy in detecting objects positioned on the floor both in the near field, at 1.83 meters, and far field, at 3.66 meters. Near field objects were positioned at 0 degrees and ± 20 degrees off axis, while far field objects were positioned at 0 degrees and ± 10 degrees off axis. Three age groups were designated: group A consisted of subjects 18 to 25 years old, group B consisted of subjects 40 to 50 years old, and group C consisted of subjects 51 years and older.

Results

Results of the visual performance comparison for a commercially available LED, a prototype LED, and an incandescent cap lamp indicate that the location of objects on the floor, the type of cap lamp used, and subject age all had significant influences on the time required to identify potential trip hazards. The LED-based cap lamps enabled detection times that were an average of 0.96 seconds faster compared to the incandescent cap lamp. Use of the LED cap lamps resulted in average detection times that were about 13.6% faster than those recorded for the incandescent cap lamp. The visual performance differences between the commercially available LED and prototype LED cap lamp were not statistically significant.

Impact on Industry

It can be inferred from this data that the spectral content from LED-based cap lamps could enable significant visual performance improvements for miners in the detection of trip hazards.     

农村私人建房地质灾害防范管理方法探讨——以浙江省衢州市为例

通过对浙江衢州市近年来地质灾害易发区内农村私人建房引发或遭受的地质灾害现状进行调查,分析所引发地质灾害的类型、机制、分布及危害状况,以及新农村建设中农村私人建房地质灾害管理中存在的问题。针对其规律和特点对地质灾害易发区内农村私人建房地质灾害防范管理方法进行了有益的探索,以保障农村住房安全,为构建和谐新农村提供科学的管理建议。     

基于GIS的城市重大危险源选址研究

近年来,城市重大危险源的安全问题日益突出,对城市的健康安全发展构成了极大威胁,因此,如何进行城市重大危险源选址成为现代社会研究的重要内容。利用GIS空间分析技术,对影响重大危险源选址布局的空间信息进行处理,将道路图、土地利用规划图、城市遥感影像、城市基础设施等与城市区划图相结合,以获取适宜选址的可行域。利用模糊综合评价理论,选出影响选址的因素集和评语集,通过模糊运算评判可行域,并由实例验证了该选址方法,最终得出城市重大危险源最优选址方案。因此,进行城市重大危险源的选址研究具有现实可行的意义,有助于提高城市的整体安全水平。     

各类突发事件应对异同及健全应急管理体系相关问题探讨

为了健全国家应急管理体系、提升应急管理能力,分析了各类突发事件在危险源性质、事件发生演化规律、事件应对具体措施及所需资源等方面的不同,以及在各类突发事件危险源防控基本理念、事件应对基本过程、应对资源保障模式、指挥协调模式、分级预警和响应模式等方面的相似性;在此基础上,探讨了在构建和完善应急管理体系时需要考虑的对象、目标、责任主体、运行机制和保障条件等问题。研究结果表明:应急管理是一个内涵和外延都十分广泛的综合性概念,具有涉及领域广、环节链条长、社会期望高、工作难度大等特点,健全应急管理体系并没有现成的模式或最优的方案,只有根据实际情况,深入研究和妥善解决应急管理体系各要素存在的问题,才能真正构建起符合国情的应急管理体系,并通过持续的应急能力建设,达成实现国家应急管理体系和能力现代化的目标。