珠江三角洲地区人类活动造成的水土流失及其危害

以广州市为例,重点分析人类活动造成的水土流失现状与危害。广州市的水土流失类型可分为自然侵蚀和人为侵蚀,其中自然侵蚀主要有面蚀、沟蚀两种形式,在广州市范围面积分布相对较广,但侵蚀强度内并不严重;而人为侵蚀突出,侵蚀类型和强度也更为复杂多样。人为侵蚀的成因主要有采石取土、交通道路建设、开发区建设以及坡耕地。人为侵蚀已经成为广州市水土流失灾害的主要表现形式。     

PM2.5污染危害分析及防控措施研究

本文论述了PM2.5对环境的危害,在剖析PM2.5组成与来源的基础上,提出防控PM2.5的政策与技术方面的建议,以期为今后PM2.5的防控工作提供理论基础。     

重大危险源大规模人群疏散决策模型研究

为在重大危险源应急救灾中给决策人员提供最优的人群疏散方案,提高抢险救灾能力,将疏散过程分为两个阶段——先将灾民疏散至临时疏散救援点,再根据灾民受伤的严重程度有选择地将其疏散至定点医院进行救治。综合考虑灾害对人群疏散造成的影响,将道路危险系数等参数加入目标函数中,将灾区按灾害程度赋予不同的优先疏散系数并将之反映在时间满意度上,以总疏散时间最小为目标函数,建立疏散模型,并应用遗传算法进行求解。最后,通过MATLAB进行仿真计算。研究结果表明:模型和算法给出的疏散策略是有效的。     

深圳地区地质环境特征与地质灾害防治

通过对深圳地区的地形地貌、地质构造以及气候条件等地质环境特征的调查分析,总结研究了该地区地质灾害的主要类型及地质灾害与地质环境之间的关系,并对深圳地区地质灾害的防治提出了加强地质灾害调查与研究工作、应用先进的监测技术创建地质灾害预警预报系统和提高地质灾害防治的勘察设计和管理水平等防治对策.     

各类突发事件应对异同及健全应急管理体系相关问题探讨

为了健全国家应急管理体系、提升应急管理能力,分析了各类突发事件在危险源性质、事件发生演化规律、事件应对具体措施及所需资源等方面的不同,以及在各类突发事件危险源防控基本理念、事件应对基本过程、应对资源保障模式、指挥协调模式、分级预警和响应模式等方面的相似性;在此基础上,探讨了在构建和完善应急管理体系时需要考虑的对象、目标、责任主体、运行机制和保障条件等问题。研究结果表明:应急管理是一个内涵和外延都十分广泛的综合性概念,具有涉及领域广、环节链条长、社会期望高、工作难度大等特点,健全应急管理体系并没有现成的模式或最优的方案,只有根据实际情况,深入研究和妥善解决应急管理体系各要素存在的问题,才能真正构建起符合国情的应急管理体系,并通过持续的应急能力建设,达成实现国家应急管理体系和能力现代化的目标。     

化学工业重大事故的多米诺效应分析

针对化学工业重大事故多米诺效应的严重后果,进行重大事故多米诺效应发生规律的研究。在指出触发重大事故多米诺效应发生条件和发生模式的基础上,设计重大事故多米诺效应的研究程序。借助生成重大火灾爆炸事故场景和其后果分析方法,建立多米诺效应概率分析的数学模型,利用VB开发了多米诺效应计算软件DOMISOFWARE,解决较为复杂的重大事故多米诺效应概率的计算问题。研究表明,爆炸事故总是较火灾事故具有更高触发多米诺效应的可能性,并且火灾和爆炸触发加压设备发生多米诺效应的概率与常压设备相比随间距增大几乎呈线性下降;确定了爆炸和火灾触发多米诺效应的概率和临界距离。研究结果对于化工装置的安全设计和重大事故的预防控制具有重要的指导意义。     

WebGIS在作业场所职业危害监管信息系统中的应用

作业场所职业危害监管具有很强的时空特性,将WebGIS应用于作业场所职业危害监管信息系统,可将空间区域信息和职业危害及监管信息相结合,为政府提供方便、快捷、可视化的职业危害监管依据。由于WebGIS系统空间数据量大、服务器过载、网络传输速度慢等问题降低了系统响应速度,限制了在职业危害监管信息系统中的应用。作业场所职业危害监管分为"国家-省级-市级-县级-用人单位"5级逻辑结构,而WebGIS的功能需求分为"国家-省级-市级-县级"4级逻辑结构,笔者将WebGIS的空间数据分为"国家-省级-市级-县级"4级分布式存储,有效地解决了WebGIS的瓶颈问题,提高了系统响应速度,同时也满足作业场所职业危害监管信息系统的功能需求。     

我国地方煤矿职业危害现状调查报告

目的：通过对华东、东北、华北、西南4个地区4个省市的1个地方国有集团公司、16个地方国有煤矿的调查,了解我国地方国有煤矿的职业危害现状。方法：通过现场调查的方法,抽取4个省市的1个地方国有集团公司16个地方国有煤矿,对其职业危害防治管理、职业危害监测、职业危害防护及健康监护等方面进行调查。结果：被调查的地方国有煤矿47．06％有职业危害防治领导机构;采煤工作面总尘浓度平均超标10．7倍,呼尘浓度平均超标4．6倍;职业健康监护岗前体检100％,离岗体检为0,专家抽检尘肺病检出率5．12％。结论：我国地方国有煤矿职业危害防治管理水平参差不齐,作业场所粉尘浓度超标,尘肺病危害比较严重。     

Exposure to fall hazards and safety climate in the aircraft maintenance industry

PROBLEM: Falls represent a significant occupational hazard, particularly in industries with dynamic work environments. This paper describes rates of noncompliance with fall hazard prevention requirements, perceived safety climate and worker knowledge and beliefs, and the association between fall exposure and safety climate measures in commercial aircraft maintenance activities. METHODS: Walkthrough observations were conducted on aircraft mechanics at two participating facilities (Sites A and B) to ascertain the degree of noncompliance. Mechanics at each site completed questionnaires concerning fall hazard knowledge, personal safety beliefs, and safety climate. Questionnaire results were summarized into safety climate and belief scores by workgroup and site. Noncompliance rates observed during walkthroughs were compared to the climate-belief scores, and were expected to be inversely associated. RESULTS: Important differences were seen in fall safety performance between the sites. The study provided a characterization of aircraft maintenance fall hazards, and also demonstrated the effectiveness of an objective hazard assessment methodology. Noncompliance varied by height, equipment used, location of work on the aircraft, shift, and by safety system. DISCUSSION: Although the expected relationship between safety climate and noncompliance was seen for site-average climate scores, workgroups with higher safety climate scores had greater observed noncompliance within Site A. Overall, use of engineered safety systems had a significant impact on working safely, while safety beliefs and climate also contributed, though inconsistently. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The results of this study indicate that safety systems are very important in reducing noncompliance with fall protection requirements in aircraft maintenance facilities. Site-level fall safety compliance was found to be related to safety climate, although an unexpected relationship between compliance and safety climate was seen at the workgroup level within site. Finally, observed fall safety compliance was found to differ from self-reported compliance.     

Risk perception, risk management and vulnerability to landslides in the hill slopes in the city of La Paz, Bolivia. A preliminary statement

The article begins by describing the difficult living conditions of many people in the hill slopes (laderas) of La Paz, Bolivia, demonstrating that they are exposed to a combination of natural and social hazards. ¹ It shows that residents, community leaders and city planners tend to underestimate or deny risk, with important consequences for risk management, such as a failure to raise risk awareness. The article then proposes some hypotheses to explain risk perceptions in La Paz, discarding the usual single-approach interpretations and suggesting instead more nuanced theoretical explanations to account for why people build their homes in such hazardous environments.