人类生态思维的发展

以人为本,全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观包含了生态思维方式的重大变革。人类对于人与自然关系的认识是不断深化与发展的,人类生态思维的发展经历了“法天”、“胜天”、“通天”三个阶段。科学发展观是对人类生态思维的继承和发展。     

The Role of the Concept of the Natural (Naturalness) in Organic Farming

Producers, traders, and consumers oforganic food regularly use the concept of thenatural (naturalness) to characterize organicagriculture and or organic food, in contrast tothe unnaturalness of conventional agriculture.Critics sometimes argue that such use lacks anyrational (scientific) basis and only refers tosentiment. In our project, we made an attemptto clarify the content and the use of theconcepts of nature and naturalness in organicagriculture, to relate this conception todiscussions within bioethical literature, andto draw the implications for agriculturalpractice and policy.Qualitative interviews were executed with arange of people in the field of organicagriculture and with consumers of organicproducts, on the basis of a list of statementsabout the meaning of the concept of naturalnessformulated by the authors. Based on the resultsof the interviews, we distinguished 3 aspectsof the concept of naturalness: natural as theorganic (life processes), natural as theecological, and natural as referring to thecharacteristic nature of an entity. We relatedthese conceptual aspects to three mainapproaches within the field of organicagriculture: the no chemicals approach, theagro-ecological approach, and the integrityapproach. It became clear that these approachescan also be recognized in the change ofattitude of farmers as they convert fromconventional to organic agriculture, and in theattitudes of consumers of organic foodproducts.We conclude that the idea of ``naturalness' canbe used to characterize organic agriculture andto distinguish it from conventionalagriculture, but only if naturalness not onlyrefers to not using chemicals but also toecological principles and respect for theintegrity of life. Thus perceived, theprinciple of naturalness can also serve as aguide to future developments in the field oforganic agriculture. As part of the holocentricethics of organic farming the value ofnaturalness has three dimensions: a cognitiveone, an emotive one, and a normative one.     

建立和完善人的职业安全“行为模式”

思维、反应、行动,是构成职业安全“行为模式”的基本环节。这些环节运转正常,职业活动就能满足职业安全的需要。为了提高操作者的安全防护能力,有必要分析职业安全“行为模式”的基本特征和要点,认为:1.应努力造就人的“双重性”思维模式,即“识别的双确认,判断的双侧面,应变的双保险”,从根本上控制人为失误。2.完善人的反应模式—一念三思,一变三联,一动三看(即“三·三守则”),保证操作者反射行为的正确导向。3.练就一套稳固、熟练的应变动作系列,防止操作者在职业活动过程中操作变型,机能失调。     

纳板河流域国家级自然保护区水资源质量分析初探

基于中德合作项目LILAC（生命景观中国）,纳板河国家级自然保护区保护局与德国斯图加特大学及上海同济大学合作并于2010年3月和7月开展了两次水资源管理和保护的调研工作——“土地利用和水”子项目.项目的目的是研究保护区内种植橡胶及经济作物对水资源的影响。本文通过此次调研获得的数据,对纳板河水资源质量进行了初步评价。     

纳板河自然保护区生物多样性及其保护与发展研究

根据纳板河保护区的生物多样性和保护管理现状,提出了加强保护区生物多样性保护和促进保护区发展的对策。     

城市环境规划的法律性质

在复杂的城市环境中,城市环境规划正是凭借其理性的预测与部署使整个环境保护活动有条不紊、游刃有余。然而在实践中,由于法律地位的不明确,城市环境规划的法律效力并没有得到公众的重视,其保护城市环境的功能未能完全发挥。要从根本上解决这种不被重视的现状,必须首先明确城市环境规划法律性质的界定。主要阐述了城市环境规划法律性质研究的重要意义、目前的研究状况等问题,并在此基础上,提出了城市环境规划是一类特殊的行政行为的观点。     

Modeling soil and plant phosphorus within DSSAT

The crop models in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) have served worldwide as a research tool for improving predictions of relationships between soil and plant nitrogen (N) and crop yield. However, without a phosphorus (P) simulation option, the applicability of the DSSAT crop models in P-deficient environments is limited. In this study, a soil-plant P model integrated to DSSAT was described, and results showing the ability of the model to mimic wide differences in maize responses to P in Ghana are presented as preliminary attempts to testing the model on highly weathered soils. The model simulates P transformations between soil inorganic labile, active and stable pools and soil organic microbial and stable pools. Plant growth is limited by P between two concentration thresholds that are species-specific optimum and minimum concentrations of P defined at different stages of plant growth. Phosphorus stress factors are computed to reduce photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and dry matter partitioning. Testing on two highly weathered soils from Ghana over a wide range of N and P fertilizer application rates indicated that the P model achieved good predictability skill at one site (Kpeve) with a final grain yield root mean squared error (RMSE) of 535 kg ha⁻¹and a final biomass RMSE of 507 kg ha⁻¹. At the other site (Wa), the RMSE was 474 kg ha⁻¹ for final grain yield and 1675 kg ha⁻¹ for final biomass. A local sensitivity analysis indicated that under P-limiting conditions and no P fertilizer application, crop biomass, grain yield, and P uptake could be increased by over 0.10% due to organic P mineralization resulting from a 1% increase in organic carbon. It was also shown that the modeling philosophy that makes P in a root-free zone unavailable to plants resulted in a better agreement of simulated crop biomass and grain yield with field measurements. Because the complex soil P chemistry makes the availability of P to plants extremely variable, testing under a wider range of agro-ecological conditions is needed to complement the initial evaluation presented here, and extend the use of the DSSAT-P model to other P-deficient environments.     

自然保护区聚落空间格局与演变的梯度效应——以贵州茂兰为例

研究自然保护区人类活动动态状况,对于加强自然保护区建设与管理具有重要意义。研究以三期高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,运用GIS技术和景观指数定量分析方法,分析了茂兰国家级自然保护区自1963年以来聚落(人类活动的中心场所)空间格局演变的梯度效应。结果表明:①在自然保护区自核心区到外围区,聚落规模、等级、形态等格局信息及其动态演变的梯度效应明显;②根据不同梯度区聚落空间格局演变及其对土地覆盖的影响特点,今后茂兰保护区规划管理应该考虑将洞多聚落迁出,使其不对核心区自然环境造成影响。同时,要加大对实验区聚落用地的管理力度,尽量减少人类活动对原生生态系统的不良影响;③设立保护区后,自核心区到外围区,景观多样性降低,土地利用综合程度指数变化进一步接近200,景观基质(森林)斑块增多,生态环境明显改善;④应加强保护区缓冲区距聚落200~800 m内的土地利用方式管理与生态建设。     

自然遗产地国家公园模式发展的影响因素与空间扩散

以自然生态环境保护与公共游憩为基本目标的国家公园模式被视为一种遗产保护和旅游发展融合互促的成熟模式。文章探讨国家公园模式在全球的空间扩散过程及其驱动因素,研究发现:①公益化价值取向是国家公园模式发展的主要动力;②经济发展水平提高反而会造成国家公园供给空间的缩小;③发展中国家与发达国家存在明显差异,环境关注度和旅游发展水平是发达国家的主要影响因素,而发展中国家的国家公园的发育与环境关注度不相关,与旅游发展水平呈负相关;④国家公园模式呈全球扩散趋势,空间重心的转移受国家宏观政治背景、 生态环境保护等因素的影响。     

中国自然保护区空间分布的经济分析

论文利用2008年自然保护区数据,分析全国自然保护区的空间分布特征,并结合自然保护区所在地的社会经济信息,进行空间统计分析,重点从机会成本和保护资金的角度探求影响自然保护区空间分布的经济因素。论文发现,当前自然保护区的空间分布是既有政策下地方政府符合经济理性的选择,机会成本对自然保护区决策有着重要的潜在影响,在自然保护决策中不容忽视。目前的空间分布也揭示了自然保护区管理资金的困境,特别是对于国家级自然保护区,现有资金机制可能成为推动地方政府在自然保护中管理失效的制度根源。国家应该将自然保护区工作与地方社会经济紧密结合,并对不同压力状态下的自然保护区在资金机制上进行分类管理,以便获得更好的保护成效。