基于IUCN保护区分类系统的中国自然保护区分类标准研究

在总结实施我国自然保护区分类标准的经验和问题的基础上,依据中国自然保护区建设的现状和特点,借鉴IUCN保护区分类系统,提出了中国新的自然保护区分类标准,并据此对已建自然保护区进行了重新分类,以期促进我国自然保护区建设管理工作以及国内外的信息交流。     

黄河三角洲自然保护区生物多样性及其保护

介绍了黄河三角洲自然保护区内物种多样性和生态系统的多样性,分析了破坏和威胁生物多样性的因素,提出了自然保护区生物多样性保护措施。     

莆田老鹰尖自然保护区森林群落物种多样性的研究

对福建莆田市老鹰尖植物区系和群落物种多样性的调查与分析,结果表明,老鹰尖植物种类丰富,计有维管束植物181科737属1003种(含变种),其中蕨类植物35科72属89种,裸子植物9科18属19种,被子植物137科647属901种;植物区系成分复杂,联系广泛,以热带亚热带成分为主,属、种分别占55.17％和57.48％,其植被为中亚热带向南亚热带过度类型;11个主要森林群落的物种多样性以米槠林为最高,D_(ah)达3.5109,其次为罗浮栲+丝栗栲林和米槠+栲树林,D_(ah)指数值分别达2.8945和2.7854,而篓竹林群落为最低,D_(ah)指数值仅1.0081,群落各层片物种多样性以灌木层为最高,呈灌木>乔木层>草本>藤本的变化趋势,说明老鹰尖的水热资源较为丰富。     

The idea(s) of ‘valuing nature’: insights from the UK’s ecosystem services framework

The variety of ideas about ways nature is ‘valued’ in public policymaking are investigated. A theoretical ideational approach is combined with empirical analysis of the UK’s ecosystem services framework. Several types of ideas are identified, and how they interact is examined: ideas about nature itself; about the role that different research on the value of nature can or should play in decision-making; and about how policy decisions are made. In particular, the ways these ideas appear in academic debates, especially in ecological economics and philosophy, are confronted with how ideas appear in the policy practice of employing a ‘valuing nature’ concept. This reveals political dynamics sometimes missed by both advocates and critics of the concept of ecosystem services, such as the importance of promoting organisations and their agendas and activities, persuading different actors to change positions, and institutional commitments and sunk costs.     

Linnaeus’ study of Swedish swidden cultivation: Pioneering ethnographic work on the ‘economy of nature’

Carl Linnaeus’ work on the ‘economy of nature’ was a major early development in what became the modern field of ecology. This analysis suggests that a key subject of this work that has been ignored or misunderstood for 250 years is the rural livelihoods, especially swidden (or slash-and-burn) agriculture, which Linnaeus studied during his expeditions through rural Sweden. Rereading his reports in the light of modern work on swiddens, political ecology, and the history of science affords a new appreciation of Linnaeus’ insights into traditional systems of resource exploitation. The logic of nutrient cycling in swidden agriculture and its utilization of natural dynamics to serve human ends exemplify the principles of the ‘economy of nature’, and gave Linnaeus a philosophical basis for understanding and defending this system of agriculture as well as other rural resource use systems in Sweden. This analysis sheds new light on Linnaeus’ ethnographic work, his view of folk environmental knowledge, and his often derided identification with Sweden’s ethnic peoples.     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

关于可持续发展研究的系统思考

本文分析了持续发展学科体系特点,探讨了开展可持续发展的整体和全过程研究的意义,认为多视角,多层次的研究,是认识可持续发展规律的研究,是认识可持续发展规律的基本途径。     

可持续发展的技术创新机制

可持续发展作为一种整体的发展观,是指经济系统、社会系统与自然系统（ＥＳＮ）之间相互作用、相互制约、相互依赖的协调发展过程。本文探讨了可持续发展技术创新（ＳＴＩ）与ＥＳＮ协调发展关系及其作用与特征等问题。     

自然保护区聚落空间格局与演变的梯度效应——以贵州茂兰为例

研究自然保护区人类活动动态状况,对于加强自然保护区建设与管理具有重要意义。研究以三期高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,运用GIS技术和景观指数定量分析方法,分析了茂兰国家级自然保护区自1963年以来聚落(人类活动的中心场所)空间格局演变的梯度效应。结果表明:①在自然保护区自核心区到外围区,聚落规模、等级、形态等格局信息及其动态演变的梯度效应明显;②根据不同梯度区聚落空间格局演变及其对土地覆盖的影响特点,今后茂兰保护区规划管理应该考虑将洞多聚落迁出,使其不对核心区自然环境造成影响。同时,要加大对实验区聚落用地的管理力度,尽量减少人类活动对原生生态系统的不良影响;③设立保护区后,自核心区到外围区,景观多样性降低,土地利用综合程度指数变化进一步接近200,景观基质(森林)斑块增多,生态环境明显改善;④应加强保护区缓冲区距聚落200~800 m内的土地利用方式管理与生态建设。     

Nouvelles informations relatives aux variations temporaires de l'activite nitrifiante d'un sol evaluee au laboratoire. incidences d'un apport de matieres organiques

Abstract

The results reported in this paper confirm the seasonal influence on soil nitrifying activity estimated in the laboratory. The variations of this activity depend on different factors: climatic conditions, soil nature, occurence of plants, characteristics of the organic matter added to the soil.

A fresh organic matter (straw, for example) leads to reduced nitrifying activity immediately after its incorporation; its depressive action disappears after a month under laboratory condi‐tions. A decomposed organic matter, as a manure, produces no effect.

This work also shows the seasonal variations of the mineral nitrogen immobilization after addition of a fresh organic matter.