Recreation conflict potential and management implications in the northern/central Black Forest Nature Park

This study explores conflict in recreational use of the Black Forest Nature Park (BFNP) by six different nature sports groups as a function of infrastructure, forest management and other users. A multi-step, methodological triangulation conflict model from US recreation management was applied and tested in the Park. Results from two groups, hikers and mountain bikers, are analysed in depth. The main conflict potentials were due to infrastructure and value conflicts. These were influenced by various visitor characteristics such as resource attachment, experiences, activity-style, expectations and motives. Results of quantitative data analysis were further interpreted by interviews with agency and group leaders. This methodological combination reveals a robust understanding of recreation conflict and management in the BFNP.     

自然保护区功能区划的指导思想和基本原则

自然保护区划分核心区、缓冲区和实验区是其实施科学管理的一项基础性工作．通过理论分析,指出自然保护区功能区划应以充分发挥保护区多种功能和解决保护区自身的可持续发展问题为目的．系统阐述了核心区、缓冲区、实验区的科学涵义,认为分区管理不能视为分级保护管理,与核心区相比,实验区的管理要求更高．提出功能区划应遵循保护第一,缓冲区与核心区景观同质,核心区与缓冲区生态完整,实验区与当地社会经济条件相适应,利于管护等原则．最后在佛坪国家级自然保护区进行了实例研究．     

自然保护区生态旅游开发与管理对策研究

充分利用自然保护区的旅游资源优势开展生态旅游 ,目前已得到国内外的共识 ,但旅游开发对自然保护区的影响问题同样也引起了人们的广泛关注。本文在分析我国自然保护区生态旅游发展现状的基础上 ,针对旅游开发中存在的问题 ,就如何正确处理自然保护和旅游开发的矛盾进行了探讨 ,并提出了我国自然保护区生态旅游发展的战略和管理对策。     

“近自然林业”经营法在杉木人工幼林经营中的应用

从1994年起,将“近自然林业”的经营方式应用于杉木人工林的经营中。5a的试验结果表明：与采用常规方法经营杉木相比无论是平均胸高、平均树高、单位面积蓄积量都有大幅度的增长,且立地条件越差增长的幅度越大。用近自然林业经营法经营杉木人工幼林,土壤肥力也得到了维护和提高,表现在土壤生物活性加强,土壤养分增加,交换性能改善,加速了养分的循环和累积。     

Making nature conservation modern: an analysis of developments in nature conservation policy in relation to macro-social changes—the Netherlands as a case study

It is often said that we live in the ecological era. It is also often said that society has entered a new phase, which—depending on the theoretical orientation—is called post-modern, post-industrial or risk society. This article analyses to what extent the presupposed shift to a phase beyond modernity is reflected in nature conservation policy. To do so, an analysis is first made of whether the basic perception and appreciation of nature in latter-day society differs essentially from perceptions and appreciations that were dominant during the heyday of modernity. When this turns out not to be the case, the development of nature conservation policy in the Netherlands during the last decades of the twentieth century is investigated to establish if conservation policy—that is, the way in which society deals with nature—has fundamentally changed. The conclusion is that Dutch policy with regard to nature has been undergoing a process of belated modernization in the sense that it is striving towards a firmer base in science and a more objective and quantifiable process of policy development. This can be seen as removing a pre-modern relic from modern society. At the same time, there is a late-modern drive towards consensus building and communication, which cannot be reconciled entirely with the stronger orientation towards science as the sole basis for deciding which kind of nature and how nature should be protected. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

秦皇岛市人口可持续发展问题与对策研究

秦皇岛市2004年总人口为278．26万人，自然增长率为3．78‰，符合计划生育率为98．27％，但出生性别比为109％，2001年全市居民平均期望寿命为75．64岁；2000年全市老龄人口占11．4％，2005年将达到12．95%；2000年全市城镇化比率为41．7％，初中入学率达到99．59％。为实施可持续发展战略，需进一步加强计划生育工作，严格控制出生性别比，进一步提高城镇化水平和教育水平，关注老龄化问题。     

Nature and Nature Values in Organic Agriculture. An Analysis of Contested Concepts and Values Among Different Actors in Organic Farming

The relationship between agriculture and nature is a central issue in the current agricultural debate. Organic Farming has ambitions and a special potential in relation to nature. Consideration for nature is part of the guiding principals of organic farming and many organic farmers are committed to protecting natural qualities. However, the issue of nature, landscape, and land use is not straightforward. Nature is an ambiguous concept that involves multiple interests and actors reaching far beyond farmers. The Danish research project Nature Quality in Organic Farming has investigated the relationship between nature and organic farming. This article will focus on an expert workshop held in connection with the project that investigates the way different actors conceptualize nature. Farmers, scientists, and non-governmental organizations came together to discuss their experiences of nature and expectations of organic agriculture. From this interaction, it was clear that nature is a contested notion. Different understandings of nature exist within the three groups and there is disagreement as to whether emphasis should be given to biological qualities, production values, or experiential and aesthetic perspectives. This complexity provides a challenge to organic farming as well as to the implementation of nature considerations in general. It illustrates an underlying battle for the right to define nature and nature quality and essentially decide what organic farmers should work towards. We argue that successful implementation requires organic farmers to carefully consider what expectations they wish to meet. Optimally it is dependent on a dialog between stakeholder interest groups that allows for multivocality and pluralism.     

黑龙江省勃利县生态环境问题及其保护对策

经过对勃利县的自然生态和地理环境的调查,收集了大量的资料,并根据生态环境的问题,提出了相应的保护对策措施,例如实施天然林保护工程、建立自然保护区、发展生态农业和绿色食品。     

The failure of success in fisheries management

Law of the Sea negotiations and The Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 create new options in fisheries management. Historical analysis of two major management programs in the United States of America, Columbia River chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), shows two unresolved management problems. One is the innovativeness of fishermen in seeking ways to improve their harvests. The other is changing social priorities that are largely unpredictable and outside the control of fisheries managers. A method for analysis of patterning associated with management goals is illustrated. Since the general management goals are harvest improvement and more predictability, measures are used which show the adequacy of fit and reduction in variability between actual and predicted management outcomes.