上海城市交通与机动车排气污染调查

上海市机动车保有量逐年增加，车辆的排气污染愈来愈严重，据调查，１９９７年机动画排放的ＣＯ，ＭＮＨＣ，ＮＯＸ和ＰＭ分别达到５８．６，９．０８，６．２０和０．２３万吨。中心城区机动车排放的ＣＯ，ＮＭＨＣ和ＮＯＸ污染物５０％以上来自于小型车，是影响上海城区环境空气质量的主要污染源。     

Effects of calibration on L-THIA GIS runoff and pollutant estimation

Urbanization can result in alteration of a watershed's hydrologic response and water quality. To simulate hydrologic and water quality impacts of land use changes, the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) system has been used. The L-THIA system estimates pollutant loading based on direct runoff quantity and land use based pollutant coefficients. The accurate estimation of direct runoff is important in assessing water quality impacts of land use changes. An automated program was developed to calibrate the L-THIA model using the millions of curve number (CN) combinations associated with land uses and hydrologic soil groups. L-THIA calibration for the Little Eagle Creek (LEC) watershed near Indianapolis, Indiana was performed using land use data for 1991 and daily rainfall data for six months of 1991 (January 1-June 30) to minimize errors associated with use of different temporal land use data and rainfall data. For the calibration period, the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.60 for estimated and observed direct runoff. The calibrated CN values were used for validation of the model for the same year (July 1-December 31), and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.60 for estimated and observed direct runoff. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.52 for January 1, 1991 to December 31, 1991 using uncalibrated CN values. As shown in this study, the use of better input parameters for the L-THIA model can improve accuracy. The effects on direct runoff and pollutant estimation of the calibrated CN values in the L-THIA model were investigated for the LEC. Following calibration, the estimated average annual direct runoff for the LEC watershed increased by 34%, total nitrogen by 24%, total phosphorus by 22%, and total lead by 43%. This study demonstrates that the L-THIA model should be calibrated and validated prior to application in a particular watershed to more accurately assess the effects of land use changes on hydrology and water quality.     

Storage of CO2 in saline aquifers: Effects of gravity, viscous, and capillary forces on amount and timing of trapping

CO₂ can be effectively immobilized during CO₂ injection into saline aquifers by residual trapping – also known as capillary trapping – a process resulting from capillary snap-off of isolated CO₂ bubbles. Simulations of CO₂ injection were performed to investigate the interplay of viscous and gravity forces and capillary trapping of CO₂. Results of those simulations show that gas injection processes in which gravitational forces are weak compared to viscous forces (low gravity number N_gv) trap significantly more CO₂ than do flows with strong gravitational forces relative to the viscous forces (high N_gv). The results also indicate that over a wide range of gravity numbers (N_gv), significant fractions of the trapping of CO₂ can occur relatively quickly. The amount of CO₂ that is trapped after injection ceases is demonstrated to correlate with N_gv. For some simulated displacements, effects of capillary pressure and aquifer dip angle on the amount and the rate of trapping are reported. Trapping increases when effects of capillary pressure and aquifer inclination are included in the model. Finally we show that injection schemes such as alternating injection of brine and CO₂ or brine injection after CO₂ injection can also enhance the trapping behavior.     

IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING ON THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS - SURFACE-WATER HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to determine the effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds on surface-water hydrology in three small experimental watersheds in Ohio. Approximately six years of data were collected at each site, with differing lengths of premining (Phase 1), mining and reclamation (Phase 2), and post-reclamation (Phase 3) periods. Mining and reclamation activities showed no consistent pattern iii base-flow, and caused slightly more frequent higher daily flow volumes. Phase 2 activities can cause reductions in seasonal variation in double mass curves compared with Phase 1. Restoration of seasonal variations was noticeably apparent at one site during Phase 3. The responses of the watersheds to rainfall intensities causing larger peak flow rates generally decreased due to mining and reclamation, but tended to exceed responses observed in Phase 1 during Phase 3. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve numbers increased due to mining and reclamation (Phase 2), ranging from 83 to 91. During Phase 3, curve numbers remained approximately constant from Phase 2, ranging from 87 to 91.     

DEVELOPMENT OF WATERSIIED MODELS FOR TWO SIERRA NEVADA BASINS USING A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: Techniques were developed using vector and raster data in a geographic information system (GIS) to define the spatial variability of watershed characteristics in the north-central Sierra Nevada of California and Nevada and to assist in computing model input parameters. The U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System, a physically based, distributed-parameter watershed model, simulates runoff for a basin by partitioning a watershed into areas that each have a homogeneous hydrologic response to precipitation or snowmelt. These land units, known as hydrologic-response units (HRU's), are characterized according to physical properties, such as altitude, slope, aspect, land cover, soils, and geology, and climate patterns. Digital data were used to develop a GIS data base and HRIJ classification for the American River and Carson River basins. The following criteria are used in delineating HRU's: (1) Data layers are hydrologically significant and have a resolution appropriate to the watershed's natural spatial variability, (2) the technique for delineating HRU's accommodates different classification criteria and is reproducible, and (3) HRU's are not limited by hydrographic-subbasin boundaries. HRU's so defined are spatially noncontiguous. The result is an objective, efficient methodology for characterizing a watershed and for delineating HRU's. Also, digital data can be analyzed and transformed to assist in defining parameters and in calibrating the model.     

南宁市一次污染过程大气颗粒物理化特性及来源

利用颗粒物粒径谱仪和单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪等,对南宁市2016年12月5~11日大气污染过程进行实时监测,分析颗粒物粒径分布特征、化学组分及其污染来源.结果表明,观测期间南宁市20 nm~10μm颗粒物数浓度粒径主要集中在23~395 nm之间,主峰值出现在100 nm左右.期间有3次新粒子生成现象,下午14:00~18:00有30 nm左右新粒子开始生成,晚20:00~次日06:00碰并长大到40~110 nm左右,3次新粒子生成过程受机动车尾气一次排放的污染影响.对污染期间细颗粒物化学成分在线溯源分析发现,污染期间有大量的二次反应颗粒物生成,判定颗粒物来源主要有生物质燃烧源、扬尘源和燃煤源,其中,远距离传输对生物质燃烧源有贡献.     

杭州灰霾天气超细颗粒浓度分布特征

利用快速迁移率粒径谱仪(FMPS)对杭州2013年12月6～11日连续灰霾天气和灰霾消退过程超细颗粒进行监测,分析颗粒物浓度变化和粒径谱分布特征及其与气象的相关性.结果表明,颗粒物日变化特征为夜晚数浓度较高,凌晨数浓度开始降低,08:00和18:00上下班高峰期出现一个小峰值,体现出明显的交通源峰值,表明交通排放对大气污染影响较大.灰霾天气下颗粒物最高数浓度达到8.0×104cm-3.粒径谱呈双峰分布,峰值粒径分别为15 nm和100 nm,粒径在100 nm附近的粒子占大多数,粒子以爱根核模态和积聚模态为主,平均数量中位径CMD(count medium diameter)为85.89 nm.而在灰霾消退过程,颗粒物数浓度降低,峰值粒径向小粒径演变,粒径在100 nm附近的粒子逐渐减少,核模态粒子增多,大于积聚模态,平均CMD为58.64 nm.气象因素中能见度和风力与数浓度主要呈负相关,相关系数R分别为-0.225和-0.229,相对湿度与数浓度正相关,相关系数R为0.271,冬季大气比较稳定,水平温度与数浓度的相关性较小.研究灰霾天气数浓度分布和气象因素的综合影响对其形成机制及控制有重要意义.     

四川乡村点新粒子生成特征及其对云凝结核数浓度的贡献

为揭示成渝地区大气复合污染成因,选择乡村点资阳站的冬季,实测了颗粒物数浓度及其粒径谱分布、云凝结核(CCN),在二氧化硫、光解速率(JO1D)实测值基础上估算了新粒子生成的重要前体物气态硫酸的浓度.2012年12月5日到2013年1月5日观测期间,3~582nm颗粒物数浓度水平较高,平均值为(16072±9713)cm-3.颗粒物数谱分布呈现以积聚模态为主体的特征,占总颗粒物数浓度的46%,此比值高于我国北京、上海、广州等城市和珠江三角洲及长江三角洲的乡村点和背景点.在较高颗粒物凝结汇(CS)水平下[(4.3±3.6)×10-2s-1],甄别出7次新粒子生成(NPF)事件,占观测天数的23%.NPF事件发生时,颗粒物生成速率与增长速率分别为(5.2±1.4)cm-3s-1,(3.6±2.5)nm/h. NPF事件对CCN数浓度有明显贡献,NPF发生后CCN数浓度平均增长19%.     

基于多项污染物综合相对重要性的主成分子集合环境测点优选法

根据对多项污染物环境测点的优选,提出了单项污染物测值的相对重要性和多项污染物测值的综合相对重要性新概念,并给出了综合相对重要性的计算公式．根据测点的综合相对重要性,再用主成分子集合选择法优选测点该方法与基于交叉相关性的主成分子集合优选法相比,不仅减少了计算量,而且避免了当各单项污染物选出的测点不一致时,难以确定公共优化点的困难．该方法用于成都市大气污染物的12个测点优选结果符合实际情况．     

黄山顶夏季气溶胶数浓度特征及其输送潜在源区

利用轨迹聚类方法对2011年6~8月黄山光明顶的气团轨迹进行聚类分组,得到2011年夏季到达黄山顶的主要气团输送轨迹,结合黄山顶的气溶胶数浓度观测资料,分析不同类型输送轨迹与黄山顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的关系.利用潜在源贡献因子分析法PSCF(potential source contribution function analysis)定性分析了不同气团背景下黄山顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的潜在源区,最后结合浓度权重轨迹分析法CWT(concentration weighted field)定量分析不同潜在源区对黄山顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的贡献.结果表明,积聚模态颗粒物(0.5~1μm)数浓度约占0.5~20μm颗粒物数浓度的94.9%;黄山顶6~8月大陆气团的发生频率最高,约43.4%;影响黄山光明顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的潜在源区主要来自一些工业发达人口密集的城市群:湖北东部、安徽中部、河南、江西境内、两广交界处、湖南南部以及浙江北部地区.而垂直方向上,来自西北和西南方向高度约2~5km的自由对流层气团对黄山顶积聚模态粒子数浓度贡献较大.