建筑物火灾疏散中人的失误研究

火灾是人类所面临的最为严重的灾害之一。通过建筑物火灾现场勘察表明 ,造成火灾中人员伤害的重要原因之一是火灾现场疏散人员行为的失误。而火灾现场疏散人员行为的失误是一个极为复杂的问题 ,它既与影响疏散中人的行为因素有关 ,又与火灾疏散中人的认知模式有关。因此 ,笔者基于行为学的基本原理和建筑物火灾的特点 ,定义了建筑物火灾中人失误的内涵 ,对建筑物火灾中疏散人员失误的机理和分类进行了分析 ,建立了相应的模型 ,讨论了减少建筑物火灾中疏散人员失误的措施 ,并着重讨论了火灾疏散教育和培训的内容和形式。     

新型混凝剂处理洗煤废水的优化研究

利用自行开发的新型混凝剂BH-1、BH-2对热电厂冲洗地面的洗煤废水进行处理,研究结果表明,自行开发的新型混凝剂处理洗煤废水较市场上常见的混凝剂处理效果好。通过烧杯进行优化实验发现：投加BH-1 19.3 mg/L,按照BH-1：BH-2=1：6的比例,两种混凝剂配合使用时,在快速（200 r/min）搅拌30 s、中速（100 r/min）搅拌5 min、慢速（50 r/min）搅拌10 min并且沉淀15分钟后,测定水样浊度,发现对原水的处理可以取得显著的效果,并且满足洗煤废水的回收要求。     

Supply chain collaboration to achieve toxics use reduction

The use of lead poses significant hazardous occupational exposure to workers in the electronics industry, and also causes environmental challenges at the end of product life. For the past decade, there has been a global effort in the electronics industry to initiate a move towards using lead-free materials for the production of printed circuit boards. However, there are technical and economic challenges, such as long term reliability and rework capability, that remain to hinder the universal implementation of lead-free materials. As a result, many electronics products are still currently manufactured and assembled using materials containing lead.The costs for investigating and evaluating the various lead-free electronics materials and manufacturing processes can be cost prohibitive for an individual company to undertake alone. Consequently, the New England Lead-free Electronics Consortium was formed as a collaborative effort of New England companies spanning the electronics supply chain to help move the industry towards lead-free electronics. The Consortium is a working collaboration of industry, government, and academia. For the past several years, the Consortium has conducted research and testing for using various lead-free materials for the manufacture of printed circuit boards. The Consortium has been successful in identifying lead-free materials and processes to address the challenges of assembly and rework. The Consortium is currently conducting research to address the long-term reliability challenge of lead-free electronics.     

巷道木材火灾试验与数值模拟对比研究

通过应用煤炭科学研究总院重庆研究院某水平巷道全尺寸木材火灾实验和流体力学软件FULENT的数值模拟方法,研究风速为0.7m/s和1.1m/s时8,00kg木材燃烧以及风速为0.7m/s时,400kg木材燃烧火源下风侧各热物理参数变化规律。结果表明:3次燃烧试验和模拟均为富氧燃烧类型,验证了A.罗伯特燃烧判定准则的正确性。同时试验和模拟火源下风侧CO,CH4和H2危害性气体浓度和出口风门处温度,对比结果证明,巷道富氧类燃烧难以产生次生灾害。研究也表明,环境因素或巷道物理结构变化能改变巷道火灾燃烧类型。     

双(对羧苯基)苯基氧化膦阻燃改性聚酯的热解和燃烧特性实验研究

本文以双(对羧苯基)苯基氧化膦为阻燃单体,合成了阻燃共聚酯(COPET)。通过热失重分析和锥形量热分析,研究了阻燃共聚酯的热降解行为和燃烧特性,并对阻燃剂的阻燃机理进行了简单的讨论。实验结果表明,阻燃剂双(对羧苯基)苯基氧化膦是适于聚酯的较好阻燃剂,但其发烟量有待抑制。     

污染水体重金属化学稳定性的研究

本文采用湘江霞湾重金属污染江段沉积物及其相应体系,模拟实验研究了在静态和动态条件下沉积物中重金属的释放量及释放规律,获得了在50—150d的模拟实验期间沉积物中重金属的释放速率及相关系数,同时讨论了不同水环境条件对污染沉积物中重金属化学稳定性的影响。     

Emergency evacuation model assuming leakage of toxic substances in a chemical plant

Preparedness of emergency evacuation for the leakage of toxic substances in chemical plants is very important in order to reduce damage. In order to implement an emergency evacuation properly, it is necessary to comprehensively and concretely determine the conditions of the leakage and atmospheric conditions and predict the consequences of the dispersed gases. Repeated training for emergencies is also essential. In order to realize effective evacuation, a prediction model of the evacuation area that anyone can use to obtain the same results both accurately and promptly is developed in the present study. The prediction model is designed such that the wind speed and atmospheric conditions are automatically set, and the leakage rate is the only input parameter, so that anyone can use the model easily. In addition, the model can also predict the atmospheric parameters for up to 3 h and can calculate the evacuation distance so that smooth evacuation can be achieved for changing atmospheric conditions. Finally, the evacuation area is defined by statistically analysed wind fluctuations, and a series of emergency evacuation measures is implemented.     

Recovery of copper from small grain size fractions of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash by means of density separation

Small grain size fractions of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) contain elemental and chemically bonded metals in appreciable amounts, especially copper. Investigations with a centrifugal concentrator were carried out using samples, which had been treated with different impact devices. Partly the impacts of single devices were visible in outlines, but mostly the surfaces of the metals were still covered with mineral residues. To generate copper rich fractions, parameters of the separation process should ensure mass yields <2%, best between 0.5 and 1%. The density of the concentrates is then generally >3.2 g/cm³. Best results were achieved with material from a special treatment train which is adapted to grain sizes <2 mm. Reliable copper contents between 20 and 40% (single runs >50%) could be realised. However, considering the required mass yields, referred to this subset only 150–170 g copper would be recovered from 1 Mg MSWI BA. Furthermore, this copper is only in parts present in elemental form. A dependable added value of such treatment step seems to be given only, if that enables a recycling of the mineral aggregates (tailings) in parallel to avoid landfill costs.     

某美术馆火灾危险性评估研究

本文利用性能化防火设计的方法对某美术馆的消防安全措施进行评估。通过分析某美术馆设计工程中存在的主要问题确定其性能化评估目标,针对火灾场景设计、人员疏散分析和烟气控制分析等多方面进行深入的研究和探讨,通过对该馆疏散设施进行优化设计,使得人员的疏散更加合理,大大降低了人员疏散所需的时间,保证了该建筑的消防安全性。     

Dispersion in Urban Environments; Comparison of Field Measurements with Wind Tunnel Results

A wind tunnel study was performed to determine the dispersion characteristics of vehicle exhaust gases within the urban canopy layer. The results were compared with those from a field monitoring station located in a street canyon with heavy traffic load. The agreement found was fair. In the second part of the paper it is shown how wind tunnel data can be utilized to supplement and thereby enhance the value of field data for model validation purposes. Uncertainty ranges were quantified which are inherent to mean concentration values measured in urban streets.