Decision‐making behaviour during urban search and rescue: a case study of Germany

The objective of assisting with tasks and decisions during incident response is to reduce the risks to victims and rescue personnel while increasing the efficiency of the rescue operation. Handling uncertain information during urban search and rescue (USAR) missions represents additional stress to the decision‐maker. The aim of this study is to identify the decision‐making behaviour of rescuers during USAR missions to pinpoint trapped or buried victims in debris in order to design assistance technologies and decision‐support systems that meet their needs. In 2010, a survey was conducted among 10–15 per cent of all German rescue personnel specialised in search tasks. One of the major results of this survey is that a subjective assessment of the reliability of information available from heterogeneous sources influences the rescuers’ actions and that there is no methodology for decision‐making involving uncertain information. In addition, the study found that compliance with procedures does not require assistance.     

基于量子遗传算法的液压支架喷雾效率的参数优化设计

为了提高综采工作面液压支架喷雾的降尘效率,通过分析影响支架喷雾降尘效率的因素,以支架喷雾效率最高为优化目标,利用量子遗传算法对喷嘴到产尘点距离,雾化角度,喷雾压力,喷嘴个数,喷嘴直径多参数进行优化。结果表明:液压支架的采煤机移动喷雾降尘效率增加了1306%,液压支架上的移架/放煤喷雾降尘效率增加了1333%。此研究对于支架喷雾降尘系统的设计,参数的合理选取有一定的参考价值。     

膨润土负载壳聚糖对Cu2+的吸附作用

将壳聚糖与膨润土结合,研制出一种复合吸附剂,并用于溶液中Cu2 的脱除,取得很好的效果,脱除率达到70%以上.通过X-射线衍射实验研究了改性膨润土的结构和改性机理.结果表明,膨润土的片状层结构未发生变化,壳聚糖仅吸附在膨润土的内外表面.该吸附剂具有投药量少、稳定性高、操作简单、无再次污染等优点.     

煤与瓦斯突出预测的QGA-LSSVM模型

为快速、有效地对煤与瓦斯突出类型作出预测,运用灰色关联和因子分析模型对所选主要的判别指标进行分析提取,利用量子遗传算法(QGA)对最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)的参数作寻优处理,最终建立QGA-LSSVM煤与瓦斯突出预测模型。选取从砚石台矿区历史实测的数据,以96∶20的比例对该模型进行训练与测试,并将预测结果与其他预测模型的预测效果进行了比较。研究结果表明:对判别指标进行灰色关联分析可以有效去除对煤与瓦斯突出影响作用小的指标;用因子分析进行公共因子提取,可以有效减少数据信息冗余;利用QGA优化的LSSVM模型能使结果避免陷入局部最优解,用该模型可以有效预测煤与瓦斯突出类型,误判率为0。     

2种基于模式识别的环状燃气管网泄漏检测方法

为了将模式识别技术应用于环状燃气管网泄漏检测并找到合适的特征提取方法,以天津城建大学实验室环状燃气管网泄漏为例,将实验的28种工况作为测试样本,与之对应的模拟工况作为训练样本,采用提取压力图像特征向量法和节点压力矩阵法分别进行环状燃气管网的泄漏检测,采用支持向量机分类器将2种方法获得的特征向量进行训练与分类检验,进而将其分类准确率进行对比分析。研究结果表明:该2种方法均可用于环状燃气管网泄漏检测,提取压力图像特征向量法因有效地降低了特征向量的维度和数据波动的干扰,其结果更优。结合SCADA和GIS系统,可将该法应用于实际水、气、油管网泄漏检测和定位,有助于降低成本,提高检测效果。     

火灾作用后RC简支梁抗弯承载力试验研究和可靠度分析

建筑物发生火灾后 ,结构的力学性能如何变化一直是研究人员普遍关注的热点问题。但是火灾对建筑物的影响因素较为复杂 ,这些问题至今还没有得到很好的解决。笔者通过试验研究了 11根三面受火钢筋混凝土简支梁在不同初始荷载和配筋下的火灾后抗弯承载力和可靠度 ,并进行了比较。试验结果表明 :在其他条件相同仅配筋不同时 ,钢筋配置适当增加 ,火灾后抗弯承载力下降减少 ,钢筋混凝土梁的抗火能力增强 ;在其他条件相同仅初始荷载不同时 ,初始荷载增加 ,抗弯承载力下降增加 ,火灾后可靠度的下降幅度也增加。试验研究为钢筋混凝土梁的抗火设计和火灾后的修复和加固提供了参考依据。     

Public Evaluation of Open Space in Illinois: Citizen Support for Natural Area Acquisition

Numerous studies have indicated a broad-based support for open space preservation and protection. Research also has characterized the public values and rationale that underlie the widespread support for open space. In recognition of the widespread public support for open space, various levels of government have implemented programs to provide public access to open space. There are many different types of open space, ranging from golf courses, ball parks, wildlife areas, and prairies, to name a few. This paper addresses questions related to the types of open space that should be prioritized by planners and natural resource managers. The results of this study are based on a stratified random sample of 5000 households in Illinois that were sent a questionnaire related to their support for various types of open space. Through a comparatively simple action grid analysis, the open space types that should be prioritized for public access include forest areas, stream corridors, wildlife habitat, and lakes/ponds. These were the open space types rated of the highest importance, yet were also the open space types rated the lowest in respondent satisfaction. This kind of analysis does not require the technical expertise of other options for land-use prioritizations (e.g., conjoint analysis, contingent valuation), yet provides important policy directives for planners. Although open space funds often allow for purchase of developed sites such as golf courses, ball parks, and community parks, this study indicates that undeveloped (or nature-based) open space lands are most needed in Illinois.     

A Multidisciplinary Decision Support System for Forest Fire Crisis Management

A wildland fire is a serious threat for forest ecosystems in Southern Europe affecting severely and irreversibly regions of significant ecological value as well as human communities. To support decision makers during large-scale forest fire incidents, a multidisciplinary system has been developed that provides rational and quantitative information based on the site-specific circumstances and the possible consequences. The systems architecture consists of several distinct supplementary modules of near real-time satellite monitoring and fire forecast using an integrated framework of satellite Remote Sensing, GIS, and RDBMS technologies equipped with interactive communication capabilities. The system may handle multiple fire ignitions and support decisions regarding dispatching of utilities, equipment, and personnel that would appropriately attack the fire front. The operational system was developed for the region of Penteli Mountain in Attika, Greece, one of the mountain areas in the country most hit by fires. Starting from a real fire incident in August 2000, a scenario is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

非矿安全生产技术支撑体系中心建立的研究

为了加强政府对安全生产的监督和监察,解决安全生产事故预防、事故鉴定分析、事故责任的确定、安全技术研究等问题,直接为各级安全监管部门履行职责,提供技术支撑和技术保障,需要建立安全生产技术支撑体系专业中心。该中心是提高政府监管监察能力的重要组成部分和具体举措。笔者依据国家安全生产技术支撑体系专业中心的框架,在综合分析非矿工业领域的安全生产事故特点的基础上,结合生产实际,提出了非矿工业安全生产技术支撑体系专业中心建立的具体方案,为各级政府部门建立体系专业中心,加强科学决策与监管提供了理论和实践依据。     

Safety with access scaffolds: development of a prototype decision aid based on accident analysis

PROBLEM: Accidents involving temporary access systems, particularly temporary scaffolds, account for a large proportion of injuries in the construction industry worldwide. METHOD: This paper outlines the development of a prototype decision aid (SCAFPASS, an abbreviation for Scaffold Planning Aid for System Safety) to promote access scaffold safety. It was guided by an examination of the root-causes and management deficiencies apparent in: (a) paper-based files of 186 access-related incidents held by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in the UK; and (b) computer-based files of 2,910 incidents appearing in the HSE database between 1997 to 2000. RESULTS: The more frequent root-causes included the fitting of defective components, unauthorized modification of the structure, omission of barriers, and errors resulting in simple, readily detectable structural faults. Common managerial deficiencies included failure to control risk, unsafe methods and procedures, and inadequate training and supervision. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: SCAFPASS aims to avoid these root-causes by improving safety management from the outset and throughout all phases of a project.