模糊综合评价法在疏散时间影响因素研究中的应用

人员疏散是一个复杂的运动过程,人员疏散时间受众多因素影响,具有一定的模糊性和随机性。该文将人员安全疏散作为一个系统进行分析,从疏散场所、疏散人员以及疏散环境三个角度分析影响人员疏散时间的因素,构建出人员疏散时间的评价指标体系。结合模糊综合评价法的基本原理和步骤,建立人员疏散时间影响因素的三级模糊综合评价模型,并应用该模型对某高层建筑火灾中影响人员疏散时间的因素进行模糊综合评价。     

The evolution of flame length for the oil tank fire with different top cover widths and lip heights

This study presents a quantitative analysis and interpretation of the variation in oil tank fire flame lengths for different oil tank sizes, top cover widths, and horizontal air flow velocities. The experimental results show that, at first, the flame length rises slowly with an increase in air flow speed. Then, once over a critical speed (0.6 m/s), the flame length decreases significantly with a further increase in air flow speed. Based on the characteristic length, a new dimensionless heat release rate is obtained, allowing the correlation between flame length, air flow speed, and dimensionless heat release rate to be calculated, which can be used to predict the flame length of an oil tank fire under different air flow speeds, lip heights, and cover widths.     

基于Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹破坏模式的条带矿柱破坏宽度研究

采用条带法进行地下开采时,条带矿柱的裂纹扩展导致了矿柱的最终破坏,且裂纹多表现为Ⅰ型裂纹与Ⅱ型裂纹复合扩展破坏特征。根据采场矿柱受力条件,确定条带矿柱受两侧采场空区影响时矿柱内Ⅰ-П复合型裂纹尖端的Westergaard应力函数,采用HoekBrown强度准则计算采场作业面围岩破坏区的边界条件,建立了矿柱破坏宽度计算模型。以上横山页岩矿床为研究对象,采用物理相似模拟试验,模拟条带法回采某盘区3个试验区段,利用DIP法分析受地应力及回采扰动作用下矿柱的裂纹发育特征,验证模型的有效性。结果表明,条带及其条带矿柱均为15 m等设计参数条件下,计算模型矿柱破坏宽度理论值分别为17.66 m、15.56 m和10.28 m,试验模拟结果分别为完全大于15 m、约为15 m和10.5~11.0 m,试验结果与依据模型计算的理论值相近。     

基于油松树轮宽度重建河北青龙过去123年平均相对湿度

相对湿度的研究对理解古气候变化有着重要的科学意义,但是目前国内利用树轮资料重建的历史时期相对湿度变化十分有限。本文利用油松树轮宽度重建了河北青龙地区1890—2012年5—7月的平均相对湿度变化,重建序列的方差解释量为39.1%(减少自由度后为38.0%)。重建序列显示出5个湿润期(1895—1899年,1906—1914年,1924—1926年,1950—1955年,1984—2000年)和5个干旱期(1900—1905年,1917—1921年,1927—1949年,1956—1973年,1975—1981年)。重建序列和观测数据均与邻近研究区的PDSI对应良好,表明该序列具有较强的空间代表性,可以反映河北北部地区的平均相对湿度变化情况。本研究表明研究区相对湿度变化不仅受局地气候控制,还可能受到ENSO影响。     

人员密度和出口宽度的不确定性对疏散行动时间的影响

基于Kikuji Togawa所提出的常用人员疏散行动时间经验公式，使用拉丁超立方抽样法，研究房间人员密度和出口宽度的不确定性对疏散行动时间的影响。得出二者服从均匀分布和正态分布条件下，疏散行动时间的概率密度直方图和累积概率曲线。结果表明，人员密度和出口宽度的不同分布形式对疏散行动时间都有显著影响，二者服从正态分布时，计算得到的疏散行动时间范围比服从均匀分布小，且较为集中。而服从均匀分布时，计算得到的疏散行动时间在其范围内则较为均匀、分散。在小概率0～0．1区间范围内，人员密度和出口宽度服从正态分布时，计算得到的疏散行动时间累计概率值明显较均匀分布小，说明二者服从正态分布得到的疏散行动时间值偏于保守。二者均为不确定参数时，假定人员密度服从均匀分布，出口宽度服从正态分布时计算得出的疏散行动时间值偏于保守。     

Observation study of pedestrian flow on staircases with different dimensions under normal and emergency conditions

Compared with horizontal motion, there were several characteristics in staircase movement. This study focused on the movement characteristics in staircases of typical student crowds and the quantitative relations of flow rate-speed-density in different dimensions of staircases and different circumstances were obtained. Basic data concerning daily movement when classes were over and an evacuation drill for college students was collected through analysis of video observation. From the analysis, the following conclusions can be given: some typical characteristics of pedestrian movement in staircases were found, such as queuing behavior at platform, merging flow at staircase entrance, and subgroup behavior. Movement on stairs was markedly slower than the horizontal motions. In normal condition, the number and initial speed of students entering the staircase affected observably the pedestrians flow, and the impact of staircase attributes (riser, tread, slope, etc.) cannot be neglected. In different conditions, the characteristics of pedestrian movement were quite different, and the influence of the speed on the density was more significant in the emergency condition. The study highlighted the amassment phenomenon at the bottom of the staircase and the potential influence of stair widths to evacuation efficiency in evacuation drill.     

变截面门式刚架结构极限承载力分析

采用变截面薄腹构件是门式刚架结构轻型化的主要措施之一。如何利用变截面薄腹构件的腹板屈曲后强度并同时保证构件乃至结构的安全度始终是门式刚架结构工程设计的重要内容。根据有效宽度法的基本思想,提出了相关屈曲系数概念,在变截面H钢构件双重非线性数值分析基础上获得的局部屈曲荷载拟合公式,应用于变宽度楔形腹板的有效宽度简化计算公式当中。应用改进后的有效宽度法,进行了变截面门式刚架结构考虑构件局部屈曲影响的极限承载力分析,探讨了腹板平均宽厚比、腹板楔率对结构极限承载力的影响,提出了对变截面门式刚架结构优化设计的工程建议,并具有工程指导意义。     

楼板对钢筋混凝土框架结构受力性能影响

汶川8级地震震害调查发现,这次地震中现浇钢筋混凝土框架结构多发生"强梁弱柱"型破坏,这与规范中"强柱弱梁"抗震设计原则相悖。为探究其原因,采用ABAQUS软件对钢筋混凝土带楼板框架和空框架结构进行了侧向加载情况的性能分析。通过对比纵向梁端钢筋应力变化和柱端钢筋应力变化,以及分析不同侧向位移对应的楼板钢筋的应力变化情况,指出楼板对梁端抗负弯矩能力的增强有很大贡献。研究了节点类型、楼板钢筋材性、侧向位移、梁高、梁跨和板厚等因素对纵向梁端处楼板有效宽度的影响规律,提出了负弯矩作用下梁端处楼板有效宽度的取值方法。     

Precision Measurements from Very-Large Scale Aerial Digital Imagery

Managers need measurements and resource managers need the length/width of a variety of items including that of animals, logs, streams, plant canopies, man-made objects, riparian habitat, vegetation patches and other things important in resource monitoring and land inspection. These types of measurements can now be easily and accurately obtained from very large scale aerial (VLSA) imagery having spatial resolutions as fine as 1 millimeter per pixel by using the three new software programs described here. VLSA images have small fields of view and are used for intermittent sampling across extensive landscapes. Pixel-coverage among images is influenced by small changes in airplane altitude above ground level (AGL) and orientation relative to the ground, as well as by changes in topography. These factors affect the object-to-camera distance used for image-resolution calculations. ‘ImageMeasurement’ offers a user-friendly interface for accounting for pixel-coverage variation among images by utilizing a database. ‘LaserLOG’ records and displays airplane altitude AGL measured from a high frequency laser rangefinder, and displays the vertical velocity. ‘Merge’ sorts through large amounts of data generated by LaserLOG and matches precise airplane altitudes with camera trigger times for input to the ImageMeasurement database. We discuss application of these tools, including error estimates. We found measurements from aerial images (collection resolution: 5–26 mm/pixel as projected on the ground) using ImageMeasurement, LaserLOG, and Merge, were accurate to centimeters with an error less than 10%. We recommend these software packages as a means for expanding the utility of aerial image data.     

METHOD TO IDENTIFY EFFECTWE RIPARIAN BUFFER WIDTHS FOR ATLANTIC SALMON HABITAT PROTECTION1

ABSTRACT: Successful restoration of declining anadromous species is dependent upon effective riparian buffer zone management. Natural resource managers, policy developers and local conservation groups require science‐based information concerning the width at which a given buffer will be effective for its stated purpose. This paper summarizes a method developed in 1999 to determine effective riparian buffer widths for Atlantic salmon habitat protection as part of the Atlantic Salmon Conservation Plan for Seven Maine Rivers. A major assumption of the method is that no two buffers are alike with respect to their effectiveness and that various buffer characteristics dictate the required width for a given level of effectiveness. The method uses a predictive model that generates suggested riparian buffer widths as a function of specific, measurable buffer characteristics (such as slope, soil characteristics, and plant community structure and density) that affect buffer function. The method utilizes a variable‐width, two‐zone approach and specifies land uses that are consistent with desired buffer function within the two zones.