海洋纤毛虫实验生态学研究Ⅳ:不同人工海水培养液及温度对扇形游仆虫种群增长的影响

为了揭示出海洋纤毛虫在人工海水中及不同温度下的种群动力学，利用实验生态学方法，就4种培养液及2种（17℃和23℃）温度对海洋纤毛虫扇形游仆虫（Euplotes vannus Mailer，1786）种群增长的影响进行了初步探讨．结果显示：①该种纤毛虫原生动物在4种人工海水培养液中的种群增长率大小顺序为：牛肉浸膏培养液〉米粒培养液〉酵母粉培养液〉蛋白胨培养液；②种群密度大小顺序依次为：米粒培养液〉牛肉浸膏培养液〉酵母粉培养液〉蛋白胨培养液；③指数增长期及稳定期在米粒培养液中均长于牛肉浸膏培养液；④随着培养温度的升高，种群增长率增大，指数增长期及稳定期缩短；⑤温度系数（Q10）的大小顺序为：蛋白胨培养液〉牛肉浸膏培养液〉米粒培养液〉酵母粉培养液．结果表明，米粒人工海水培养液不仅适合于保种培养，而且适合于种群的扩大培养，而牛肉浸膏培养液更适合于种群的快速扩大培养，其他两种培养液则只适合于保种培养．图2表4参13     

冬季菹草对悬浮泥沙的影响

利用冬季沉水植物菹草构建由浅水到深水的串联系统,含沙水依次流经浅水区和深水区,测定各级菹草对水体悬浮泥沙含量和沉降量的影响.结果显示,菹草系统可以降低水体中悬浮泥沙含量,并随水力停留时间延长而降低程度加大.各运行条件下,菹草系统悬浮泥沙平均沉降量65.7 g·m-2,比对照组高39.4%.菹草表面泥沙的吸附是一个"吸附-沉降-再吸附" 的动态过程,吸附量为3.26～5.69 g·kg-1.菹草对冬季水生态系统的自净功能起着十分重要的作用.     

Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China

Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to 9478 mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736 mg/L), extracellular polymeric substances (2088 mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464 mg/L) among others. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in composition profiles of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor. Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge.     

Method to assess component contribution to toxicity of complex mixtures: Assessment of puberty acquisition in rats exposed to disinfection byproducts

A method based on regression modeling was developed to discern the contribution of component chemicals to the toxicity of highly complex, environmentally realistic mixtures of disinfection byproducts(DBPs). Chemical disinfection of drinking water forms DBP mixtures.Because of concerns about possible reproductive and developmental toxicity, a whole mixture(WM) of DBPs produced by chlorination of a water concentrate was administered as drinking water to Sprague–Dawley(S–D) rats in a multigenerational study. Age of puberty acquisition,i.e., preputial separation(PPS) and vaginal opening(VO), was examined in male and female offspring, respectively. When compared to controls, a slight, but statistically significant delay in puberty acquisition was observed in females but not in males. WM-induced differences in the age at puberty acquisition were compared to those reported in S–D rats administered either a defined mixture(DM) of nine regulated DBPs or individual DBPs. Regression models were developed using individual animal data on age at PPS or VO from the DM study. Puberty acquisition data reported in the WM and individual DBP studies were then compared with the DM models. The delay in puberty acquisition observed in the WM-treated female rats could not be distinguished from delays predicted by the DM regression model, suggesting that the nine regulated DBPs in the DM might account for much of the delay observed in the WM. This method is applicable to mixtures of other types of chemicals and other endpoints.     

电梯电动机运转时间限制器检验新方法的探讨

随着电梯的广泛使用,钢丝绳断丝、断股导致的事故时有发生,电梯电动机运转时间限制器的重要性越来越凸显出来。针对电梯电动机运转时间限制器落后的检验现状,根据实际现场检验经验,通过分析电梯的控制原理,总结了一种新的检验方法,该方法安全性高,实用性强,操作方便。     

污泥龄对低氧丝状菌活性污泥微膨胀系统的影响

为了研究污泥龄(SRT)对低氧丝状菌活性污泥微膨胀系统的影响,采用序批式间歇反应器(SBR)进行试验,分别按照厌氧/好氧和单级好氧的方式运行,考察了不同SRT下丝状菌污泥微膨胀系统的沉降性、脱氮除磷过程以及污泥特性的变化.结果表明,在好氧水力停留时间充分的条件下,低氧环境不但不会影响丝状菌微膨胀污泥的硝化进程,而且还有助于同步硝化反硝化(SND)、单级好氧除磷的发生.厌氧/好氧运行时,SRT与活性污泥的比硝化速率、比释磷速率和比吸磷速率成反比,与SND率和污泥的含磷量成正比.单级好氧运行时,减小SRT对硝化过程影响不大,但是有助于改善除磷效果.活性污泥的比耗氧速率(SOUR)、胞外聚合物(EPS)中多糖与蛋白质含量的比值、以及粘度都与SRT成反比.适当地减小SRT可以改善丝状菌微膨胀污泥的沉降性.厌氧/好氧运行时,厌氧段微氧环境易引发过度丝状菌污泥膨胀;单级好氧运行时,SRT过低会造成污泥黏性骤增而引发黏性污泥膨胀.     

重污染天气应对“绩效分级、差异化管控”措施首次实践效果后评估

为提高重污染天气应对的科学性和精准度,2019年7月生态环境部制定重污染天气应对“绩效分级、差异化管控”措施.为应对9月底至10月初的重污染过程,京津冀及周边共68个城市启动重污染预警,该措施得以首次实践.通过时间序列断点回归方法对该措施效果进行评估发现,空气质量改善存在滞后的现象,SO₂、 NO₂和CO这3个气态污染物改善速度较快,对涉及二次生成的O₃和PM_2.5两个污染物见效速度相对较慢. 10月1日恰逢在北京举办庆祝中华人民共和国成立70周年阅兵式,对10月1日当天进行评估,发现与假如不采取措施的情形相比,重污染应急措施使北京市PM_2.5、 NO₂和CO日均浓度显著下降,下降幅度分别为54.1%、 62.4%和25.8%.如果不采取重污染应急措施,北京10月1日上午可能出现中重度污染,但实际上空气质量保持在良的水平.区域启动预警的68城市PM_2.5、 PM₁₀、 NO₂、 SO     

水力停留时间对膜生物反应器复合工艺污水处理特性的影响

开发了厌氧-多级好氧/缺氧-膜生物反应器复合工艺,在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染的特性.结果表明,在试验选定的HRT范围内,系统对TN和TP的去除率随着HRT的降低而升高,当HRT为8.70、6.96、4.97 h时,系统对TN和TP的平均去除率分别为73.15%、79.76%、81.98%和67.79%、80.99%、92.16%.但是,较低HRT条件下膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.解决这一问题的措施是增加膜组件个数,从而在不提高膜通量的情况下使系统保持较低的HRT,保证系统高效稳定的污染物去除效果.     

超标概率场在污水海洋处置工程浓度场分析中的应用

以深圳市宝安污水海洋处置工程为背景,针对目前国内外进行排放口近区研究存在的问题,提出了一套解决这些问题的方法．建立了一套详细的采用超标概率场、侵袭频率场分析时域法的计算结果的方法．通过输入排放口丰、枯水期大、小潮的监测数据,计算得出了这４种状况下,排放污水产生的超标概率场和侵袭频率场,并得出了相应的结论     

电絮凝处理油田生化出水

为了减轻对后续处理中超滤膜的污染,采用电絮凝法处理油田生化出水,降低油田生化出水中的有机物含量。研究了电流强度、曝气时间和pH值对水中总有机碳（TOC）和浊度除去效果的影响以及pH值随曝气时间的变化趋势,通过红外光谱对絮凝处理前后水中总溶解固体进行了分析,优化了电絮凝的工艺条件。研究表明,当水流速度控制在50 mL/s,电流强度为2 A,500 mL絮凝出水的曝气时间为30 min时,整套絮凝工艺对TOC的去除率为48%,浊度去除率为42.9%,COD去除率为44%。