城镇燃气爆炸极限影响因素与计算误差的分析

可燃气体的爆炸极限是消防报警和安全使用燃气的重要参数之一 ,笔者对影响城市燃气爆炸极限的因素进行了讨论 ;同时指出有关文献上公布的燃气爆炸极限是一定条件下测定的 ,当空气中含有略低于文献公布爆炸下限或略高于文献公布爆炸上限的可燃气体 ,在一定的条件下也可能产生爆炸。对燃气爆炸极限的计算方法及其计算误差进行了分析 ,指出在使用测试或计算爆炸极限时应考虑安全系数     

Requirements for estimation of doses from contaminants dispersed by a ‘dirty bomb’ explosion in an urban area

The ARGOS decision support system is currently being extended to enable estimation of the consequences of terror attacks involving chemical, biological, nuclear and radiological substances. This paper presents elements of the framework that will be applied in ARGOS to calculate the dose contributions from contaminants dispersed in the atmosphere after a ‘dirty bomb’ explosion. Conceptual methodologies are presented which describe the various dose components on the basis of knowledge of time-integrated contaminant air concentrations. Also the aerosolisation and atmospheric dispersion in a city of different types of conceivable contaminants from a ‘dirty bomb’ are discussed.     

Some observations on explosion development in process pipelines and implications for the selection and testing of explosion protection devices

In recent years there has been continuing interest in the potential hazards from detonations in pipelines. The interest has arisen in several instances due to the introduction of vapour recover systems, as part of measures to limit environmental emissions. These environmental pressures initially coincided with the preparation of new European-wide test procedures for explosion arrester devices and, more recently, moves to develop a new international ISO standard for the certification and approval of detonation arrester devices. It is an opportune time therefore to review current understanding of explosion development in pipelines and to consider the implications for plant design and explosion arrester selection and testing.     

转型期的资源与环境管理：基于市场-政府-社会三角制衡的分析

在经济体制转型期，伴随着经济的持续快速增长，我国出现了前所未有的资源破坏和环境恶化现象，严重制约未来经济社会的可持续发展。由此，构建解决经济发展需求与资源环境供给矛盾的有效机制，成为政界及学术界共同关注的重点课题。从中国经济转型期存在的主要资源与环境问题分析入手，提出资源环境管理制度构建的理想框架，通过进一步评价我国在市场机制、政府干预、公众参与3个方面的经验及教训，分别提出未来改进的方向。研究结果表明：“市场—政府—社会”三足鼎立的制度结构是我国资源环境管理制度构建的理想目标，也是适应世界资源环境保护发展的潮流。最后提出协调政府和市场作用、构建市场运作平台、营造公众参与氛围等方面的政策建议。     

Airbag for the closing of pipelines on explosions and leakages

This paper is a result of international effort aimed at the construction of a device for quick closing of pipelines in the case of explosion propagation and/or chemical leakage. Such a problem exists in industries where flammable substances are transported by pipelines. The basic solution principle was the idea to use airbags similar to those utilized in cars.

Two pipeline applications were taken into consideration: a low-pressure module able to suppress explosion propagation and a high-pressure module to stop leakages from, e.g. natural gas pipeline capable to be used for duct diameters up to 0.6 m, pressures up to 5 MPa and reaction times of 50 ms. It was necessary to construct a new airbag, capable of withstanding up to 10 bar pressure. The choice of material was critical to ensure sufficient strength and chemical resistance while retaining impermeability.

CFD modeling of the bag deployment into a pipe flow and analysis of the bag shapes was also completed. Two gas generators were constructed and tested with novel propellant materials.

Different airbag models were tested to evaluate their effectiveness. Risk analysis approach was applied to evaluate the safety and economic benefits of the new technology in different fields of application.     

国家竞争优势论对泛珠三角区域合作的启示

国家竞争优势论是我国目前较流行的国际贸易理论学说,它无论在国家层面还是在区域层面,均对制定相应的区域发展战略具有积极的作用。基于对波特关于国家竞争优势论的理解,阐述了它对我国开展泛珠三角区域合作的若干启示。     

重大危险源区域事故应急非结构化模糊决策应用研究

针对目前我国应对重大危险源突发事故的管理和决策主要依赖于相关领导或专家掌握的知识及经验的现状,将非结构化模糊决策方法(Non-structural Fuzzy Decision Method,NSFDM)和事故后果模拟方法相结合,以区域范围内受重大危险源潜在事故影响的企业为决策对象,以减小事故影响范围,降低事故严重程度为目标,建立起重大危险源区域事故应急决策的多准则决策方法,以期帮助安监职能部门优化配置应急救援资源,提高应急响应绩效,减少国家和人民的经济和财产损失。以广州市某公司丙烷储罐区为实例,在对其进行沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸(Boiling Liquid Expanding Va-por Explosion,BLEVE)事故模拟的基础上,运用非结构化模糊决策方法,对该丙烷储罐区BLEVE事故的处理,提供了应急决策支持。     

Characteristic overpressure–impulse–distance curves for the detonation of explosives, pyrotechnics or unstable substances

A number of models have been proposed to calculate overpressure and impulse from accidental industrial explosions. When the blast is produced by explosives, pyrotechnics or unstable substances, the TNT equivalent model is widely used. From the curves given by this model, data are fitted to obtain equations showing the relationship between overpressure, impulse and distance. These equations, referred to here as characteristic curves, can be fitted by means of power equations, which depend on the TNT equivalent mass. Characteristic curves allow determination of overpressure and impulse at each distance.     

甲烷-煤尘爆炸波与障碍物相互作用的数值研究

为了探讨煤矿瓦斯和煤尘爆炸的物理机制 ,基于对甲烷和煤尘爆炸传播的理论分析 ,采用数值模拟方法研究障碍物对甲烷和煤尘爆炸传播的影响 ;为了更系统地考虑颗粒相各种输运特性、相间滑移和耦合 ,采用双流体模型建立了数学模型 ,该模型的出发点是把颗粒群和气体都作为连续介质 ,两者相互渗透充满整个空间形成没有间隙的“流体”———拟流体 ,在欧拉坐标系下考虑气 -固两相流动 ,气相和颗粒相的计算网格统一 ,易于处理。数值方法采用LU分解和迎风TVD格式分别处理对流项的隐式和显式部分 ,扩散项采用中心差分 ;同时研究了不同形状的障碍物对流场的影响 ,计算结果与实验吻合较好     

关于硝酸铵爆炸事前评价的探讨

硝酸铵主要用作肥料大量使用 ,或作为制造工业炸药的重要原料 ,是一种强氧化剂 ,同时又是自反应性物质 ,国内外因对其控制或管理不当 ,曾发生多起重大爆炸事故。为防止在生产、贮存、运输以及使用过程中的爆炸事故 ,笔者探讨并提出了硝酸铵爆炸事前评价模式。这种评价方法 ,对控制和预防硝酸铵发生事故 ,有借鉴、推广和现实意义。