Risk assessment of a compound feed process based on HAZOP analysis and linguistic terms

The size and complexity of industrial plants, along with the characteristics of the products used, require a study, analysis and control of the existing risks in every industrial process.In this paper, a methodology for risk assessment in industrial plants, based on the combination of risks identification through the Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis and the risks evaluation through linguistic variables and fuzzy numbers is applied to a case study consisting on a compound feed plant located in the town of Silla (Valencia, Spain).The results from this study show that the main risk in the compound feed production process is the formation of explosive atmospheres (ATEX). Therefore, the corrective measures will focus on reducing the concentration of dust in the atmosphere and eliminating the possible sources of ignition, such as electrostatic discharges or sparks during the different phases of the process (the grinding, the transport of the raw materials, etc.)     

一起煤仓爆炸事故分析

煤仓在一定的条件下会聚积瓦斯 ,而瓦斯达到一定的浓度 ,且氧气含量足够时 ,遇明火则会发生爆炸。因此 ,在建煤仓时 ,应使其便于观察煤仓的储煤情况 ;用明火测煤仓储煤量是绝对应禁止的。     

提高矿石块矿率减少粉尘危害

介绍了通过降低炸药消耗,改善爆破效果,提高原矿合格率,减少粉矿率,降低粉尘对周边的危害。     

Driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs in the eastern part of Denmark in 2015 and 2016: Abuse patterns and trends

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the frequency of psychoactive drugs and alcohol in drivers under suspicion of driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol in 2015 and 2016 in the eastern part of Denmark. The trends in the number of traffic cases sent for drug analysis since 2000 and alcohol analysis since 2011 are also discussed.

Methods: Blood samples from drivers suspected of being under the influence of alcohol and/or medication and/or illicit drugs in 2015 and 2016 were investigated as requested by the police. The blood samples were screened for alcohol and/or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) alone, for other drugs (covering all drugs, except THC, listed in the Danish list of narcotic drugs), or for THC and other drugs. Age and gender were also recorded. The number of drug traffic cases since 2000 and the number of alcohol cases since 2011 were extracted from our Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS).

Results: In total, 11,493 traffic cases were investigated. Alcohol and/or drugs exceeded the legal limit in 9,657 (84%) cases. Men constituted 95% of the drivers investigated for drugs and 88% of the alcohol cases. The drivers investigated for drugs consisted primarily of young men, whereas drivers investigated for alcohol were older.

The frequency was higher for positive alcohol cases above the legal limit (87%) than for drug cases (76%) above the fixed concentration limit. THC (67–69%) was the most frequently detected drug above the legal limit, followed by cocaine (27–28.5%), amphetamine (17%), and clonazepam (6–7%) in both years. Morphine (5.4%), included among the 5 most frequent drugs in 2015, was replaced by methadone (4.6%) in 2016. Few new psychoactive drugs (NPS) were detected.

The number of traffic cases sent for drug analysis has increased more than 30-fold since 2000–2006, and the number of traffic cases submitted in 2016 for drug analysis was higher than the number for alcohol analysis; the latter has decreased since 2011.

Conclusion: Overall, alcohol was the most frequent compound detected above the legal limit in both years, followed by the well-known illicit drugs THC, cocaine, and amphetamine. NPS were seldom seen. One consequence of the increased focus on drugs in traffic has been an immense increase in drug traffic cases sent for analysis since 2006 in the eastern part of Denmark. Although this survey revealed only minimal changes compared to earlier investigations, surveys like this are invaluable for monitoring abuse patterns and trends in drugged and drunken driving.     

基于BAT-OOPN理论的煤电机组超低排放限值研究

应用由经典Petri网发展而来的面向对象Petri网的理论和方法,将Petri网移植引入绥电超低排放(BAT)工艺中,对绥电超低排放(BAT)数值模拟进行研究。结果表明,在置信水平为99%时,颗粒物、SO2、NOx的浓度正态分布均值置信区间为颗粒物(4.0,4.9),SO2(10.9,14.2),NOx(35.1,39.1);最佳排放质量浓度为:颗粒物1.7 mg/m^3,SO22.0 mg/m^3,NOx19.8 mg/m^3;最差排放质量浓度为:颗粒物7.5 mg/m^3,SO231.0 mg/m^3,NOx47.9 mg/m^3。根据最佳排放浓度指出污染物削减潜力以及绥电减排的空间,可以根据最差排放浓度进行污染源预警;依据仿真结果并结合现有的排放标准,拟定燃煤电厂超低排放限值为颗粒物5.0mg/m^3,SO215 mg/m^3,NOx40 mg/m^3。     

流域水质目标管理技术研究(Ⅳ)——控制单元的水污染物排放限值与削减技术评估

对国内外流域水污染物排放限值与削减技术评估体系进行了归纳,系统介绍了美国和欧盟水污染物排放限值与削减技术评估体系的框架和特点,指出其对我国流域水污染物排放限值与削减技术评估体系建设的借鉴意义.以水质保护目标为前提,按照“分区、分类、分级、分期”的理念,建立了流域控制单元水污染物排放限值与削减技术评估体系,阐述了该体系的内涵和特点;探讨了控制单元各类污染源的水污染物削减技术评估和最佳可行技术,削减技术评估指标、方法和程序,污染物削减技术检测平台,污染物排放限值确定等关键问题.      

集中式污水厂重金属排放限值及其控制进展研究

介绍了中国集中式污水厂污水处理现状,主要包括污水厂进出水监测指标和进出水水质指标设计不足,重金属处理效果不明显;同时对国外污水处理现状以及重金属排放限值进行比较,探讨了中国污水处理厂污水中重金属排放限值及控制的问题,污水中重金属处理工艺未设计,进出水水质指标未将重金属指标纳入设计中,重金属排放限值远高于发达国家限值.结合现状分析,提出加强污水处理厂重金属源头控制与排放限值监管的相关建议,以确保排放水体的环境安全.     

气态硫闪爆事故原因分析及对策

对处理硫磺回收装置高温掺合阀故障时发生的硫闪爆事故进行了分析,提出了相应的对策.     

基于技术和水质相结合的排污许可限值核定技术研究

“十三五”期间,我国排污许可管理制度已基本建立;“十四五”时期,我国排污许可管理将逐步过渡到注重水质达标的管理阶段.为适应我国排污许可新的管理需求,研究了基于技术和水质相结合的排污许可限值核定技术.其中,基于技术的排放限值核定主要根据企业的行业属性和核定产能,结合环境影响评价批复的污染物排放额度,确定其排放浓度限值和排放总量限值;基于水质的排放限值核定需建立污染源与水质之间的响应关系,以地表水水质达标为目标,计算各污染源的最大允许排放量.最终的排污许可限值为基于技术的排污许可限值和基于水质的排污许可限值的最小值.以常州为例,从常州排污许可证核发重点行业选取了两家化工企业A和B,核算其基于技术的排放限值;采用水质模拟和污染物最大允许排放量分配技术,计算了污染物最大允许排放量,并分配到两家化工企业,作为基于水质的排放限值.结果表明:A化工企业COD_Cr和NH₃-N的最终排污许可限值分别为6.53和0.075 t/a,其中,COD_Cr的最终取值为基于水质的排放限值,NH₃-N基于技术和基于水质的排放取值相同;B化工企业COD_Cr和NH₃-N的最终排放限值分别为11.60和0.17 t/a,最终取值均为基于技术的排放限值.研究显示,基于水质的排许可限值受到企业自身和外部水环境容量的双重影响,应从严制定排污许可限值,既能达到企业行业排放标准和环境影响评价批复的要求,又能满足水环境质量达标的目标.      

基于Petri网与OPMSE的屠宰行业排放限值仿真

通过文献查询及现场调研,对清河流域屠宰行业产生污水的各指标浓度(BOD5、COD、NH3-N)进行统计,得出排放污水中各污染物指标的浓度值范围。通过OPMSE的仿真计算,得出排放污水经过BAT处理后,污染物浓度正态分布均值在90%、95%、99%置信水平下的置信区间。在置信水平为99%时,屠宰行业的COD置信区间为(43.31,52.86),BOD5置信区间为(20.83,23.78),NH3-N置信区间为(6.83,8.13)。同时,依据仿真计算结果还得出,处理后污染物浓度的极小值和极大值,屠宰行业的最佳出水各指标浓度为ρ(COD)为17.34 mg/L,ρ(BOD5)为14.18 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为3.09 mg/L,最差出水各指标浓度为ρ(COD)为97.32 mg/L,ρ(BOD5)为39.66 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为13.29 mg/L。将仿真结果与现有排放标准对比,拟定屠宰行业的污染物直接排放限值为ρ(COD)为60 mg/L,ρ(BOD5)为25 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为10 mg/L。