中国动物园圈养丹顶鹤的数量和分布格局

通过电话咨询、实地调查和网络检索的方法调查了141个城市动物园、园中园和野生动物园的丹顶鹤圈养情况,以明确我国动物园圈养丹顶鹤的种群数量和分布格局。结果表明,141个动物园中,83个(58.9%)动物园有数量不等的圈养丹顶鹤(1~175只),总数达到917只;其中城市动物园319只,园中园82只,野生动物园516只。不同地区的不同动物园圈养丹顶鹤分布有明显差异。单因素方差分析表明野生动物园丹顶鹤数量显著大于园中园(P0.05)。圈养丹顶鹤最多的3个省级行政区分别为辽宁省、广东省和黑龙江省;圈养丹顶鹤数量最多的前10个省级行政区共圈养丹顶鹤719只,占中国动物园圈养丹顶鹤总数的78.4%。圈养丹顶鹤最多的3个地理区域分别为东北地区、华东地区和华北地区,占我国动物园圈养丹顶鹤总数的74.3%。     

厌氧推流进水对反硝化除磷好氧颗粒污泥系统的影响

实际生活污水成分复杂,且碳氮比较低,而厌氧推流进水可以通过提供局部高底物浓度来加强好氧颗粒污泥对进水中COD的利用.实验采用间歇曝气的方式在序批式反应器（SBR）中培养好氧颗粒污泥,以实际生活污水为进水,接种污水厂污泥.R1采用厌氧快速进水,R2采用厌氧推流进水,探究不同进水模式对生活污水好氧颗粒污泥系统的影响.结果表明,快速厌氧进水条件下,R1中更早出现颗粒结构,但在运行71 d时出现颗粒破裂的现象;应用厌氧推流进水模式的R2生成的颗粒结构较R1的更为致密,颗粒表面更加光滑,且反硝化聚磷菌（DPAO）的富集效果更好.最终R1和R2反应器内DPAO占聚磷菌（PAO）的比例分别为14.17%和22.07%.结果表明,厌氧推流进水模式能够加强颗粒污泥对进水中COD的利用,有利于富集DPAO,生成结构更加致密稳定的颗粒,实现"一碳两用",获得更好的脱氮除磷效果.     

Controlling Rhododendron ponticum in the British Isles: an economic analysis

What resources should be committed to the control of invasive species? This study is based on a survey of nature conservation and forestry authorities, wildlife trusts and private landowners which investigated the extent of the ecological and economic impacts of the invasive non-native plant Rhododendron ponticum in the British Isles. There are data on 52,000 ha of land affected by R. ponticum, more than 30,000 ha of it in nature reserves. For nearly all nature reserves, displacement of native species and habitat changes were both reported. In 2001, respondents controlled 1275 ha of R. ponticum at a cost of pound 670,924. To test the optimality of this, we apply a model of social expenditure. The external costs of R. ponticum control are estimated from the probability that it will spread to contiguous sites and the damage done on invaded sites. These are then used to calculate the socially optimal level of expenditure on R. ponticum control, and the funding gap it identified by comparing the result with current levels of expenditure. The results suggest that a socially optimal level of control effort requires a significant increase in social funding for R. ponticum control, although the size of the increase varies between landholders.     

长江江豚的交配行为和摄食行为的研究

１９９２年４月～１９９３年２月，在铜陵白豚养护场，对饲养条件下的４头长江江豚的交配行为和摄食行为进行了观察，较全面地描述和分析了江豚的交配、摄食行为模式，根据观察记录，长江江豚交配行为发生有一定的时间顺序，其交配期在３～６月；江豚背部小齿在交配活动中具有重要的生物学意义。江豚摄食的欲求行为有较强的驱动力，饥饿时常吞食异物。本研究不仅可用于江豚的保护和管理，亦可探索有效保护白豚的途径。     

Safety distances for hydrogen filling stations

In the context of spatial planning the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment asked the Centre for External Safety of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) to advice on safe distances pertaining to hydrogen filling stations. The RIVM made use of failure modeling and parameters for calculating the distance in detail. An imaginary hydrogen filling station for cars is used in the determination of ‘external safety’ or third party distances for the installations and the pipe work for three different sizes of hydrogen filling stations. For several failure scenarios ‘effect’ distances are calculated for car filling at 350 and 700 bar. Safe distances of filling stations from locations where people live and work appear to be similar for compressed hydrogen, gasoline/petrol and compressed natural gas. Safe distances for LPG are greater. A filling unit for hydrogen can be placed at gasoline/petrol-filling stations without increasing safety distances.     

Female feeding regime and polyandry in the nuptially feeding nursery web spider, Pisaura mirabilis

We examined the influence of female feeding regime on polyandry in the nuptially feeding nursery web spider (Pisaura mirabilis). In this species, the nuptial gift, a dead prey item wrapped in the male’s silk, is physically separate from the ejaculate. We manipulated female feeding regime (starved or fed) and the presence or absence of a gift with three successive males to test direct-benefits hypotheses (nuptial gift or sperm supply) for the expression of polyandry. The presence of a gift was necessary for copulation, as no male without a gift successfully copulated. Female mating behavior most strongly supports polyandry due to the accumulation of gifted food items (“nuptial gift” direct-benefits hypothesis). Starved females that were presented with a gift accepted significantly more gifts and inseminations than fed females. Most starved females (74%) copulated two or more times, as opposed to only 3% of the fed females. Nearly all of the females that accepted a gift subsequently copulated. The nuptial gift item seems to function as male mating effort and females appear to receive multiple matings as part of a feeding strategy.     

广东省畜牧粪便中喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素的含量与分布特征研究

利用超声提取-高效液相色谱技术分析广东省20个规模化猪牛养殖场粪便中4种喹诺酮类(QNs)和4种磺胺类(SAs)抗生素的含量与分布特征.结果表明,猪粪中喹诺酮类和磺胺类化合物均全部被检出,前者总含量(QNs,鲜重,下同)在24.5～1516.2 μg/kg之间,平均为581.0 μg/kg,以恩诺沙星和环丙沙星为主;后者总含量(SAs)在1925.9～13399.5 μg/kg之间,平均为4403.9 μg/kg,以磺胺甲基嘧啶和磺胺甲唑为主.牛粪中喹诺酮类化合物也全部被检出,磺胺类化合物检出率在90%以上,QNs在73.2～ 1328.0 μg/kg之间,平均为572.9 μg/kg,以诺氟沙星和环丙沙星为主;SAs在1039.4～15930.3 μg/kg之间,平均为3787.7 μg/kg,以磺胺甲唑和磺胺甲基嘧啶为主.不同地区畜牧粪便中喹诺酮类和磺胺类化合物的含量与组成特征有明显差异,广州市猪粪和牛粪中两类抗生素的含量均较高,而佛山市、深圳市牛粪中磺胺-5-甲氧嘧啶和磺胺二甲嘧啶均低于检测限.     

GC／MS外标法测定水中22种挥发性有机物的探究

以外标法定量,通过吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱对22种挥发性有机物进行检测,建立了相应的分析方法。方法将单次分析时间控制样品在50min,连续进样分析时间在38min。并对样品的检测数据进行分析,样品回收率在84．9％～124．9％之间,相对标准偏差均小于10％,且加标回收率在半年内能稳定在81．5％～129．7％之间。结果表明,在采用自动进样器进样条件下,外标法在精准度上满足实验需求,且分析时间较短,节省了加入内标物所带来的成本负担。     

Dynamic probability assessment of urban natural gas pipeline accidents considering integrated external activities

Urban gas pipelines usually have high structural vulnerability due to long service time. The locations across urban areas with high population density make the gas pipelines easily exposed to external activities. Recently, urban pipelines may also have been the target of terrorist attacks. Nevertheless, the intentional damage, i.e. terrorist attack, was seldom considered in previous risk analysis of urban gas pipelines. This work presents a dynamic risk analysis of external activities to urban gas pipelines, which integrates unintentional and intentional damage to pipelines in a unified framework. A Bayesian network mapping from the Bow-tie model is used to represent the evolution process of pipeline accidents initiating from intentional and unintentional hazards. The probabilities of basic events and safety barriers are estimated by adopting the Fuzzy set theory and hierarchical Bayesian analysis (HBA). The developed model enables assessment of the dynamic probabilities of consequences and identifies the most credible contributing factors to the risk, given observed evidence. It also captures both data and model uncertainties. Eventually, an industrial case is presented to illustrate the applicability and effectiveness of the developed methodology. It is observed that the proposed methodology helps to more accurately conduct risk assessment and management of urban natural gas pipelines.     

Alternating nitrogen feeding strategy induced aerobic granulation: Influencing conditions and mechanism

Effective cultivation of stable aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a crucial step in the successful application of this technology, and the formation of AGS could be facilitated by some environmental stress conditions. Four identical sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were established to investigate the aerobic granulation process under the same alternating ammonia nitrogen feeding strategy superimposed with different environmental conditions (inorganic carbon source, temperature, N/COD). Although various superimposed conditions induced a significant difference in the size, settling velocity, mechanic strength of AGS, mature aerobic granules could be successfully obtained in all four reactors after 70 days' operation, indicating the alternating ammonia nitrogen feeding strategy was the most critical factor for AGS formation. Based on the results of redundancy analysis, the presence of an inorganic carbon source could facilitate the cultivation of AGS with nitrification function, while the moderate temperature and fluctuant N/COD might benefit the cultivation of more stable AGS. In addition, superimposed stress conditions could result in the difference in the microbial population between four reactors, but the population diversity and abundance of microorganisms were not the determinants of AGS formation. This study provided an effective method for the cultivation of AGS by using alternating ammonia nitrogen feeding strategy.