利用自动蒸馏仪前处理测定地表水中的挥发酚研究

采用瑞士Buchi K-355型自动蒸馏仪对地表水中的挥发酚进行蒸馏预处理,按照(HJ 503-2009)方法分析样品中的挥发酚含量.考察了蒸汽度和蒸馏时间对蒸馏效率的影响.并将该自动蒸馏仪与传统的玻璃蒸馏装置蒸馏检测后的结果进行对比,两者测定结果一致,无显著性差异.利用自动蒸馏仪预处理地表水样品后进行检测,得到的相对标准偏差为4.33%~8.75%,加标回收率为92%~104%,适用于日常环境地表水的监测工作.     

Sustainable Mining in the European Union: The Legislative Aspect

This paper is a review of the community legislation of the European Union (acquis communautaire) with regard to the mineral extractive industry. It highlights the existing inconsistencies of the acquis, which require correction. Historically, the mining industry has received privileged treatment within the European Community. The treaties declare the promotion of a policy of using natural resources prudently and rationally to avoid their unconsidered exhaustion. However, mining is excluded from the scope of major environmental directives or reserves a certain freedom for interpretation. This has led to an increasing number of related cases at the European Court of Justice.The regulatory tools of the environmental acquis are rather diverse in controlling the emission sources, the pollution pathways, and the impacted receptor media through administrative measures or assigning environmental quality targets. A combined approach is needed for controlling the environmental impacts of the extractive industries. The amendment of the Seveso II Directive, the elaboration of a reference document on best available techniques and the preparation of a wide-scope directive on mining waste management might provide a frame for the elimination of the above discrepancies. In addition, a coherent European Community policy based on the balanced consideration of economic, environmental, and social aspects could ensure a sustainable development of the mining industry. National expert detached from the Hungarian Geological Survey, H-1143 Budapest, Stefánia út 14.     

膜蒸馏淡化西部苦咸水应用技术研究

膜蒸馏是将膜与蒸馏过程相结合的分离方法,是一种节能高效的分离技术。本文从其过程机理出发,展望了该技术在苦咸水淡化技术中应用的前景。     

Fluoride removal from brackish groundwater by direct contact membrane distillation

The direct contact membrane distillation applied for fluoride removal from brackish groundwater was investigated.The self-prepared polyvinylidene fluoride membrane exhibited high rejection of inorganic salt solutes.The maximum permeate flux 35.6 kg/(m2 ·hr) was obtained with the feed solution at 80°C and the cold distillate water at 20°C.The feed concentration had no significant impact on the permeate flux and the rejection in fluoride.The precipitation of CaCO3 would clog the hollow fiber inlets and foul the membrane surface with increasing concentration factor when natural groundwater was used directly as the feed,which resulted in a rapid decline in the module efficiency.This phenomenon was diminished by acidification of the feed.The experimental results showed that the permeate flux and the quality of obtained distillate kept stable before concentration factor reached 5.0 with the acidified groundwater as feed.The membrane module efficiency began to decline gradually when the feed continued to be concentrated,which can be mainly attributed to the formation of CaF2 deposits on the membrane surface.In addition,a 300 hr continuous fluoride removal experiment of acidified groundwater was carried out with concentration factor at 4.0,the permeate flux kept stable and the permeate fluoride was not detected.     

膜蒸馏技术在环保领域中的应用

膜蒸馏是一种以蒸汽压差为推动力的新型分离技术,本文综述了膜蒸馏技术的原理、优点及其分类。分析了该技术在环保领域的应用,指出了膜蒸馏技术的应用前景。     

海水中挥发酚的在线蒸馏-流动注射分析

采用流动注射分析仪测定渔业养殖海水中的挥发酚.方法的检出限为0.89μg/L;线性范围为0.002～0.1 mg/L,线性相关系数r≥0.999;其相对标准偏差为1%～5%,样品测定频率为18样/h.本方法操作简便、灵敏度较高,线性范围、精密度和准确度均符合国家标准.对海水水样加标回收率的测定为90%～110%,结果令...     

Combining steam injection with hydraulic fracturing for the in situ remediation of the unsaturated zone of a fractured soil polluted by jet fuel

A steam injection pilot-scale experiment was performed on the unsaturated zone of a strongly heterogeneous fractured soil contaminated by jet fuel. Before the treatment, the soil was stimulated by creating sub-horizontal sand-filled hydraulic fractures at three depths. The steam was injected through one hydraulic fracture and gas/water/non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) was extracted from the remaining fractures by applying a vacuum to extraction wells. The injection strategy was designed to maximize the heat delivery over the entire cell (10 m × 10 m × 5 m). The soil temperature profile, the recovered NAPL, the extracted water, and the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the gas phase were monitored during the field test. GC-MS chemical analyses of pre- and post-treatment soil samples allowed for the quantitative assessment of the remediation efficiency. The growth of the heat front followed the configuration of hydraulic fractures. The average concentration of total hydrocarbons (g/kg of soil) was reduced by ～ 43% in the upper target zone (depth = 1.5-3.9 m) and by ～ 72% over the entire zone (depth = 1.5-5.5 m). The total NAPL mass removal based on gas and liquid stream measurements and the free-NAPL product were almost 30% and 2%, respectively, of those estimated from chemical analyses of pre- and post-treatment soil samples. The dominant mechanisms of soil remediation was the vaporization of jet fuel compounds at temperatures lower than their normal boiling points (steam distillation) enhanced by the ventilation of porous matrix due to the forced convective flow of air. In addition, the significant reduction of the NAPL mass in the less-heated deeper zone may be attributed to the counter-current imbibition of condensed water from natural fractures into the porous matrix and the gravity drainage associated with seasonal fluctuations of the water table.     

油田化工污水中总氰化物的检测

采用在线蒸馏-流动注射分析法检测大庆油田化工污水中总氰化物。分析流速和温度对流动注射仪检测结果的影响,得出结论:载流流速为1.8mL/min,显色剂流速在1.3mL/min,缓冲溶液流速稳定在1.6mL/min时,分析精度最好;显色反应在60℃以下进行时,可以消除温度差异对检测结果的干扰。该方法适用于油田化工废水中总氰化物的检测。     

4-氨基安替比林光度法测定水中挥发酚的方法及改进

结合实际工作,对测定挥发酚的方法进行概述,并对水样的预蒸馏及4-氨基安替比林萃取光度法的萃取方法进行了改进。对改进后方法的准确度和精密度进行了验证。经验证,改进后的方法准确、可靠。说明了改进后的的方法在日常的样品监测分析中是可行的,省时省工,具有一定的实用性。     

采掘行业环境影响评价制度存在问题的探讨

环境影响评价是环境管理的重要组成部分,为我国的环境管理决策提供重要依据。但在实际工作中,我国的环境管理工作仍然存在一定的问题。本文结合采掘行业的特点,分别从法律层面、设计层面和环境影响评价层面等三个方向进行分析,结合发现的问题提出建议,力求从不同的角度完善相关制度和技术要求。从而使采掘行业的环境管理能全面涵盖采掘行业开发过程,最大程度地减少采掘行业开发过程中的环境影响,完善采掘行业环境影响评价制度,对我国采掘行业生态环境的改善及环境影响评价法制建设起到一定的借鉴意义。