Associations between distance lags,groundwater velocities,and detection efficiencies in groundwater monitoring networks

Effects of distance lags between landfills and monitoring wells on contaminant detection capability were quantified in several groundwater velocity settings. Detection efficiency calculations were made with and without imposing a time limit on contaminant travel. In general, longer distance lags yieldedhigher detection efficiencies. However, detection efficienciesdecreased as monitoring wells approached a buffer zone boundaryimposing a maximum permissible contaminant transport distance.Imposing a time limit on contaminant travel substantially reduced detection efficiency in low velocity settings, especiallyat longer distance lags. Time limits were less significant in high velocity settings where contaminants more quickly reachedmonitoring wells. Detection efficiencies also decreased as velocity increased, but decreases were minor once the velocityreached a threshold value.     

大毛滩活动断裂晚第四纪活以来的古地强震研究

根据对云南曲靖—昭通断裂带北段的大毛滩断裂上多次野外地震地质调查和探槽揭露,发现有较多的古地震遗迹,如地震断层陡坎、崩塌体、地震沟槽、堰塞塘和断裂崩积楔等。主要分布于大毛滩断裂的纸厂坝、苏田坝、大毛滩和六马场地区和木杆河断裂的手扒岩、马家坪一带。 该区晚更新世晚期至全新世以前,曾发生过四次古地震事件,地震时间间隔为 4000—7000 年;距今5000--10000 年,发生过两次古地震,时间间隔为1500—2000 年,从5000 年至有历史记载的公元 1216马湖地震,古地震的时间间隔可能是 1000—1600年(不计田坝、丁木、李子湾事件);自公元 1216 年到现今的 782 年间,共发生了四次强烈地震,平均时间间隔为 195年,但从1844年以后,地震的时间间隔为 73—57年。可以看出自公元1216年以来,该区的地震时间间隔在大大地缩短。     

土木工程结构健康监测研究进展

阐述了实施土木工程结构健康监测的必要性和迫切性,介绍了结构健康监测系统的概念、组成及其应用,信号采集与处理以及损伤检测的方法和研究现状,重点讨论了神经网络法在损伤诊断中的应用。介绍了利用小波神经网络和概率神经网络等新型网络的损伤诊断方法,最后指出了需要进一步研究的重点和难点问题。     

两种可靠性评估方法对总体样本中哑弹检出效率的研究

目的 运用GJB 376A—2019和GJB 8185—2015可靠性评估方法,通过样本的发火试验,对发生哑弹的故障中与火工品关联的底事件检出率进行研究,提出更合理、更科学的应用方法以及改进建议。方法 采用蒙特卡洛模拟仿真的方法,研究升降法标准差估值无偏情况下,2个标准中规定的可靠性评估方法对底事件的检出效率。结果 GJB 376A—2019规定的方法对于哑弹的检出效率远高于GJB 8185—2015规定的方法。结论 GJB 376A—2019更便于工程应用,GJB 8185—2015存在哑弹检出效率方面的局限性,建议在标准中进行的升降法试验程序中,增加对于出现的不发火样品的约束条件。     

炼油企业挥发性有机物无组织排放通量监测现状与发展

炼油企业是重要的挥发性有机物(VOCs)人为排放源,排放的VOCs主要来自无组织源,监控及排放核算困难。笔者总结了国内外炼油企业VOCs排放通量监控及核算技术体系,综述了各类VOCs无组织排放通量监测技术的原理及适用范围,着重评述了工业场地VOCs无组织排放通量监测最佳实用技术——红外掩日通量监测(SOF)和差分吸收激光雷达(DIAL)及其在炼油企业的应用进展。总体上,SOF仪器及监测费用适中,但易受阳光等天气条件限制; DIAL几乎可全天候监测,但仪器及监测费用较高。SOF和DIAL监测的欧美炼油企业VOCs排放系数一般为0. 02%～0. 10%,约为排放清单值的3～10倍。国内炼油厂VOCs排放核算采用的排放系数约为美国排放清单值(0. 01%～0. 02%)的10倍,尚待实测校验和修订。VOCs无组织排放通量监测技术也可用于检查或评估炼油企业泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)等VOCs无组织排放控制效果。     

近海赤潮生物全自动分析系统研究

赤潮是我国近海主要的多发性海洋生态灾害,加强赤潮生物检测技术研究及相关设备研制,对于赤潮预报与治理工作具有重要的现实意义。本文综述了赤潮生物学分析技术及在线全自动检测系统方面的研究。与现有分析手段比较,采用本系统可大大提高检测的实时性、准确性及减轻检测的劳动强度,现运行良好。     

北方某市城区水环境中轮状病毒的初步检测

轮状病毒(Rotavirus,RV)是引起全世界婴幼儿肠胃炎的最主要病原体.在我国,儿童秋季腹泻发病达到高峰,也主要由轮状病毒引起.论文改进了RT-nested-PCR检测水中轮状病毒的方法,于2006年10月对北方某市城区水环境(包括污水、地表水和饮用水)中的轮状病毒进行了初步检测.结果表明,该市某污水厂进水和不同工艺段出水、主要公园的景观水体、主要自来水厂进水和出水以及城区管网水,均检出轮状病毒.综合分析从水源到管网的过程,认为管网水中的轮状病毒可能与水源水污染有关.管网水中有轮状病毒检出,说明秋季该市饮用水中存在潜在的轮状病毒传染源.同期对管网水进行的细菌学指标检测,没有发现总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、粪链球菌,可见目前城市供水水质标准中的细菌学指标并不能准确反映病毒污染状况.     

A Special Vegetation Index for the Weed Detection in Sensor Based Precision Agriculture

Many technologies in precision agriculture (PA) require image analysis and image- processing with weed and background differentiations. The detection of weeds on mulched cropland is one important image-processing task for sensor based precision herbicide applications. The article introduces a special vegetation index, the Difference Index with Red Threshold (DIRT), for the weed detection on mulched croplands. Experimental investigations in weed detection on mulched areas point out that the DIRT performs better than the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The result of the evaluation with four different decision criteria indicate, that the new DIRT gives the highest reliability in weed/background differentiation on mulched areas. While using the same spectral bands (infrared and red) as the NDVI, the new DIRT is more suitable for weed detection than the other vegetation indices and requires only a small amount of additional calculation power. The new vegetation index DIRT was tested on mulched areas during automatic ratings with a special weed camera system. The test results compare the new DIRT and three other decision criteria: the difference between infrared and red intensity (Diff), the soil-adjusted quotient between infrared and red intensity (Quotient) and the NDVI. The decision criteria were compared with the definition of a worse case decision quality parameter Q, suitable for mulched croplands. Although this new index DIRT needs further testing, the index seems to be a good decision criterion for the weed detection on mulched areas and should also be useful for other image processing applications in precision agriculture. The weed detection hardware and the PC program for the weed image processing were developed with funds from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).     

Texture Analysis for Mapping Tamarix parviflora Using Aerial Photographs along the Cache Creek, California

Natural color photographs were used to detect the coverage of saltcedar, Tamarix parviflora, along a 40 km portion of Cache Creek near Woodland, California. Historical aerial photographs from 2001 were retrospectively evaluated and compared with actual ground-based information to assess accuracy of the assessment process. The color aerial photos were sequentially digitized, georeferenced, classified using color and texture methods, and mosaiced into maps for field use. Eight types of ground cover (Tamarix, agricultural crops, roads, rocks, water bodies, evergreen trees, non-evergreen trees and shrubs (excluding Tamarix)) were selected from the digitized photos for separability analysis and supervised classification. Due to color similarities among the eight cover types, the average separability, based originally only on color, was very low. The separability was improved significantly through the inclusion of texture analysis. Six types of texture measures with various window sizes were evaluated. The best texture was used as an additional feature along with the color, for identifying Tamarix. A total of 29 color photographs were processed to detect Tamarix infestations using a combination of the original digital images and optimal texture features. It was found that the saltcedar covered a total of 3.96 km² (396 hectares) within the study area. For the accuracy assessment, 95 classified samples from the resulting map were checked in the field with a global position system (GPS) unit to verify Tamarix presence. The producer's accuracy was 77.89%. In addition, 157 independently located ground sites containing saltcedar were compared with the classified maps, producing a user's accuracy of 71.33%.     

简易、快速检测有机磷农药的酶片和生色基质片

研制出简易、快速检测有机磷农药的酶片和生色基质片。用胆碱酯酶抑制试验检测水中的有机磷农药,检测灵敏度在０．０１—１０ｍｇ／Ｌ范围,适宜温度在２５—３５℃之间,分析周期约为１５—２０ｍｉｎ。甲胺磷和水胺硫磷等硫代磷酸酯类农药经溴水活化后检测灵敏度也达上述水平。实际水样检测表明,检样中农药含量在检测灵敏度范围内时,阳性结果相当明显,溶液吸光度比值Ａ对照／Ａ检样＞２。由于检测时无需配制试剂和使用仪器,本法特别适宜于现场检测。