码头钢结构的微生物腐蚀及其防护

以码头为对象,阐述了码头的常见结构形式和钢结构在码头建设中的应用现状,分析了港口码头的微生物腐蚀研究现状、典型的腐蚀微生物种类和微生物代谢对金属材料的影响,论述了码头的微生物腐蚀防控方法。由于微生物腐蚀的破坏性强、发生隐蔽,确定和监测微生物腐蚀的发生是目前的一大技术难题,文中评述了现有的微生物腐蚀监检测技术,并展望了微生物腐蚀检测技术的发展方向。     

On the use of principal component analysis (PCA) for evaluating interannual vegetation anomalies from SPOT/VEGETATION NDVI temporal series

In this work, we discuss the use of principal component analysis (PCA) for evaluating the vegetation interannual anomalies. The analysis was preformed on a temporal series (1999–2002) of the yearly Maximum Value Composit of SPOT/VEGETATION NDVI acquired for Sicily Island. The PCA was used as a data transform to enhance regions of localized change in multi-temporal data sets. This is a direct result of the high correlation that exists among images for regions that do not change significantly and the relatively low correlation associated with regions that change substantially. Both naturally vegetated areas (forest, shrub-land, herbaceous cover) and agricultural lands have been investigated in order to extract the most prominent natural and/or man-induced alterations affecting vegetation behavior. Our findings suggest that PCA can provide valuable information for environmental management policies involving biodiversity preservation and rational exploitation of natural and agricultural resources.     

环境重金属污染的细菌修复与检测

日益严重的环境重金属污染引起政府和科技工作者的广泛关注,以细菌为研究对象的生物修复与检测技术已成为环境科学领域中一大研究热点.细菌可通过对重金属的吸附富集、氧化还原、成矿沉淀、淋滤、协同植物吸收等作用修复环境重金属污染.在重金属污染环境中,细菌为响应重金属的胁迫而产生的种群结构、生物量和生理代谢活性的变化信息可用于重金属生物有效性的检测.本文从细菌对重金属的耐性、环境重金属污染的细菌修复和检测等方面综述该领域近10年的研究进展,并就目前存在的问题提出今后亟待开展的研究.参86     

Experimental analysis of food detection in capuchin monkeys: effects of distance, travel speed, and resource size

Knowing how far away animals can detect food has important consequences for understanding their foraging and social behaviors. As part of a broader set of field experiments on primate foraging behavior, we set out artificial feeding platforms (90 × 90 cm or 50 × 50 cm) throughout the home range of one group of 22 brown capuchin monkeys, at sites where they had not seen such platforms previously. Whenever the group approached such a new platform to within 100 m, we recorded the group's direction and speed of approach, and the identity and distance from the platform of the group member that detected the platform or came closest to it without detecting it. We used logistic regression on these data to examine the effects of group movement speed, platform size and height, and focal individual age and sex on the probability of detecting the platform as a function of distance. Likelihood of detecting a platform decreased significantly at greater distances – the probability of detecting a platform reached 0.5 at 41 m from the group's center and 25.5 m from the nearest group member. These results show that detectability of platforms by the entire group (9 adults, 13 juveniles) was less than twice that for single group members. Detectability at a given distance decreased severely as the group moved faster; at their fastest speed, individuals had to approach a platform to within less than 10 m to find it. The large platforms were significantly more likely to be detected than the small ones, suggesting that increased use of larger food patches by wild primates may not necessarily reflect foraging preferences. Received: 20 May 1996 / Accepted after revision: 5 April 1997     

新型甲醛被动式检气管的研制

新研制的甲醛被动式检气管是建立在气体分子扩散和化学吸收原理基础上的，检气管内的惰性担体上浸渍了对甲醛特效的希夫试剂。当管内进入甲醛气体时，即发生显色反应，检气管的显色长度的平方与甲醛浓度及采样时间的乘积成线性关系。检出下限为０．０１５ｍｇ＃Ｌ（采样５ｈ），它集采样与分析为一体，结构简单，不需动力，便于携带和操作方便，应用于检测某厂刨花板车间和制胶车间的甲醛气体，与传统的注射器采样比色分析法对比，结     

Solute transport in crystalline rocks at Äspö — I: Geological basis and model calibration

Water-conducting faults and fractures were studied in the granite-hosted Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (SE Sweden). On a scale of decametres and larger, steeply dipping faults dominate and contain a variety of different fault rocks (mylonites, cataclasites, fault gouges). On a smaller scale, somewhat less regular fracture patterns were found. Conceptual models of the fault and fracture geometries and of the properties of rock types adjacent to fractures were derived and used as input for the modelling of in situ dipole tracer tests that were conducted in the framework of the Tracer Retention Understanding Experiment (TRUE-1) on a scale of metres. After the identification of all relevant transport and retardation processes, blind predictions of the breakthroughs of conservative to moderately sorbing tracers were calculated and then compared with the experimental data. This paper provides the geological basis and model calibration, while the predictive and inverse modelling work is the topic of the companion paper [J. Contam. Hydrol. 61 (2003) 175].The TRUE-1 experimental volume is highly fractured and contains the same types of fault rocks and alterations as on the decametric scale. The experimental flow field was modelled on the basis of a 2D-streamtube formalism with an underlying homogeneous and isotropic transmissivity field. Tracer transport was modelled using the dual porosity medium approach, which is linked to the flow model by the flow porosity. Given the substantial pumping rates in the extraction borehole, the transport domain has a maximum width of a few centimetres only. It is concluded that both the uncertainty with regard to the length of individual fractures and the detailed geometry of the network along the flowpath between injection and extraction boreholes are not critical because flow is largely one-dimensional, whether through a single fracture or a network. Process identification and model calibration were based on a single uranine breakthrough (test PDT3), which clearly showed that matrix diffusion had to be included in the model even over the short experimental time scales, evidenced by a characteristic shape of the trailing edge of the breakthrough curve. Using the geological information and therefore considering limited matrix diffusion into a thin fault gouge horizon resulted in a good fit to the experiment. On the other hand, fresh granite was found not to interact noticeably with the tracers over the time scales of the experiments.While fracture-filling gouge materials are very efficient in retarding tracers over short periods of time (hours–days), their volume is very small and, with time progressing, retardation will be dominated by altered wall rock and, finally, by fresh granite. In such rocks, both porosity (and therefore the effective diffusion coefficient) and sorption K_ds are more than one order of magnitude smaller compared to fault gouge, thus indicating that long-term retardation is expected to occur but to be less pronounced.     

Microcystin-LR detection based on indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Microcystins (MCs) are a group of closely related toxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by common cyanobacteria, which cause lots of accidents and threatens human health. In this paper, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) was established and used to detect microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in drinking and surface waters. The concentration of coating antigen was 5 μ/mL, the dilution of monoclonal antibody MC10E7 was 1:3 000, the dilution of enzyme tracer (goat anti-mouse IgG-peroxidase) was 1:3 000, the standard concentration of MC-LR ranged from 0.001 μg/L to 30 μg/L, and o-phenylenediamine was used as substrate. The assay showed high relativity with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a correlation coefficient of more than 99%. The relative standard deviation was less than 10%, the detection limit was achieved down to 0.01 μg/L and up to 5.1 μg/L. The quantitative detection range was from 0.03 μg/L to 3 μg/L, and the antibody had high specificity for [4-arginine] microcystins. It performed well in spite of the influence of the real samples. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(6): 1166–1170 [译自: 环境科学]     

Functional groups assisted-photoinduced electron transfer-mediated highly fluorescent metal-organic framework quantum dot composite for selective detection of mercury (II) in water

The presence of toxic mercury (II) in water is an ever-growing problem on earth that has various harmful effect on human health and aquatic living organisms. Therefore, detection of mercury (II) in water is very much crucial and several researches are going on in this topic. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as an effective device for sensing of toxic heavy metal ions in water. The tunable functionalities with large surface area of highly semiconducting MOFs enhance its activity towards fluorescence sensing. In this study, we are reporting one highly selective and sensitive luminescent sensor for the detection of mercury (II) in water. A series of binary MOF composites were synthesized using in-situ solvothermal synthetic technique for fluorescence sensing of Hg²⁺ in water. The well-distributed graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots on porous zirconium-based MOF improve Hg²⁺ sensing activity in water owing to their great electronic and optical properties. The binary MOF composite (2) i.e., the sensor exhibited excellent limit of detection (LOD) value of 2.4 nmol/L for Hg²⁺. The sensor also exhibited excellent performance for mercury (II) detection in real water samples. The characterizations of the synthesized materials were done using various spectroscopic techniques and the fluorescence sensing mechanism was studied.     

浅谈煤矿透水事故后外排酸性矿井水的治理

采用火焰原子吸收法对大同市“5．18”左云新井煤矿透水事故中所排酸性废水及其应急处理外排水中铁锰进行跟踪测定。结果表明，在废水处理过程中加入石灰石中和，脱铁脱锰，pH均值7．9，总铁浓度均值1．07mg／L，均达到污水综合排放标准。     

四川盆地臭氧浓度空间分异及驱动因子研究

为揭示四川盆地臭氧（O₃）的空间分布格局及其驱动因子,通过对2015~2017年四川盆地18城市82个国控环境监测站的O₃浓度观测数据,使用空间自相关,空间热点探测及地理探测器等地统计方法分析研究.结果表明：2015~2017年四川盆地O₃浓度总体呈现上升趋势（由2015年的（79.95±18.82） μg/m³上升到2017年的（88.64±11.67）μg/m³）,污染态势逐年加重.盆地中西部成都,资阳,雅安等城市O₃浓度最高,且高值区范围逐年扩大.O₃浓度的空间分布呈现出显著的聚集性规律（空间正相关,Moran's I指数大于0）,且年聚集区（H-H聚集区或L-L聚集区）主要呈现为H-H聚集区分布在盆地中西部,L-L聚集区分布在盆地东南部.此外,年聚集区的年际变化与浓度变化态势基本一致,即O₃浓度上升（降低）的区域转变为H-H聚集区（L-L聚集区）.基于地理探测器定量分析了二十个社会经济及自然驱动因子对O₃浓度空间分异的影响,结果显示社会经济因子占主导作用,其中城建用地占区面积比重（驱动值,q=0.5734）,人口密度（q=0.5479）的驱动作用最为突出,自然因子中年降水量（q=0.4592）具有最显著的驱动作用;地理探测器双因子交互对O₃浓度空间分异的影响有明显的交互增强作用（每个单因子q值平均增大了1.5~2.1倍）,且交互均值（即各因子交互q值的均值）与最大交互值逐年增大.在使得交互值达到最大驱动值的双因子中,出现频率最高的是人口密度（7次）和工业烟粉尘排放量（7次）.