Safety evaluation of leak in a storage tank using fault tree analysis and risk matrix analysis

The work presented in this paper used a quantitative analysis of relevant risks through the development of fault tree analysis and risk analysis methods to aid real time risk prediction and safety evaluation of leak in a storage tank. Criticality of risk elements and their attributes can be used with real time data to predict potential failures likely to occur. As an example, a risk matrix was used to rank risk of events that could lead to a leak in a storage tank and to make decisions on risks to be allowed based on past statistical data. An intelligent system that recognizes increasing level(s) and draws awareness to the possibility of additional increase before unsafe levels are attained was used to analyse and make critical decisions. After a visual depiction of relationships between hazards and controls had been actualized, dynamic risk modelling was used to quantify the effect controls can potentially have on hazards by applying historical and real-time data into a probabilistic model. The output of a dynamic risk model is near real-time quantitative predictions of risk likelihood. Results from the risk matrix analysis method mixed with RTD and FTA were analyzed, evaluated, and compared.     

无火焰泄放装置性能检测技术研究*

为有效提高无火焰泄放装置产品质量特性和应用技术,避免或减轻爆炸事故发生造成的灾害程度,选择玉米淀粉粉尘为测试粉尘,采用1 m3爆炸罐进行扇形无火焰泄放装置爆炸泄放实验。结果表明:扇形无火焰泄放装置不适合重复使用。当扇形无火焰泄放装置重复进行爆炸泄放实验时,爆炸罐内压力会呈现升高趋势,而外场压力和温度呈现下降趋势,且阻火元件孔隙内残留大量玉米淀粉粉尘燃烧后生成的炭黑以及积聚部分高温燃烧的粉尘,致使阻火元件损坏失效。     

基于深度学习的输煤皮带故障视觉检测方法研究

为了更好地检测皮带跑偏、撕裂和异物干扰等严重影响皮带安全运行的故障状态,围绕相关问题产生的原因及检测方法开展深入研究,通过对纵/横向裂缝、异物的检测分析、实验,提高基于视觉的检测精度。提出基于Canny边缘检测算法的皮带跑偏检测算法;基于深度学习的横向与纵向撕裂检测,尤其对于裂缝与纵向纹理区分不明显情况,提出一种红光透射的判别方式;基于最小距离分类算法将识别异物转换为分类问题,利用机器学习的方法对样本进行训练并建立无异物阈值,通过提取特征,最后利用最小距离分类算法得到有无异物的结果。研究结果表明:提出的视觉检测系统可以实时高效地检测出输煤皮带常见的3种故障,可进一步保障运输系统安全运行。     

基于平面波导传感器的恩诺沙星与诺氟沙星同时检测方法

为了实现对于环境中抗生素恩诺沙星与诺氟沙星的同时快速灵敏检测,本研究基于间接竞争免疫反应模式及荧光全内反射原理,以本课题组自主研发的平面波导生物传感器为平台,建立了恩诺沙星和诺氟沙星的同时快速检测方法.通过对抗体浓度、pH及钙离子浓度的优化,提高了检测方法的灵敏度,结果表明,恩诺沙星的检测限为0.34μg·L~(-1),诺氟沙星的检测限为0.14μg·L~(-1).在单物质检测的基础上,首次实现了基于平面波导传感器的两种抗生素同时检测,检测周期仅15 min,检测限为0.06μg·L~(-1).本研究从理论上分析了同时检测时检测限下降、灵敏度提高的原因,为利用生物传感器法同时检测抗生素提供了理论指导及技术支撑.     

码头钢结构的微生物腐蚀及其防护

以码头为对象,阐述了码头的常见结构形式和钢结构在码头建设中的应用现状,分析了港口码头的微生物腐蚀研究现状、典型的腐蚀微生物种类和微生物代谢对金属材料的影响,论述了码头的微生物腐蚀防控方法。由于微生物腐蚀的破坏性强、发生隐蔽,确定和监测微生物腐蚀的发生是目前的一大技术难题,文中评述了现有的微生物腐蚀监检测技术,并展望了微生物腐蚀检测技术的发展方向。     

On the use of principal component analysis (PCA) for evaluating interannual vegetation anomalies from SPOT/VEGETATION NDVI temporal series

In this work, we discuss the use of principal component analysis (PCA) for evaluating the vegetation interannual anomalies. The analysis was preformed on a temporal series (1999–2002) of the yearly Maximum Value Composit of SPOT/VEGETATION NDVI acquired for Sicily Island. The PCA was used as a data transform to enhance regions of localized change in multi-temporal data sets. This is a direct result of the high correlation that exists among images for regions that do not change significantly and the relatively low correlation associated with regions that change substantially. Both naturally vegetated areas (forest, shrub-land, herbaceous cover) and agricultural lands have been investigated in order to extract the most prominent natural and/or man-induced alterations affecting vegetation behavior. Our findings suggest that PCA can provide valuable information for environmental management policies involving biodiversity preservation and rational exploitation of natural and agricultural resources.     

环境重金属污染的细菌修复与检测

日益严重的环境重金属污染引起政府和科技工作者的广泛关注,以细菌为研究对象的生物修复与检测技术已成为环境科学领域中一大研究热点.细菌可通过对重金属的吸附富集、氧化还原、成矿沉淀、淋滤、协同植物吸收等作用修复环境重金属污染.在重金属污染环境中,细菌为响应重金属的胁迫而产生的种群结构、生物量和生理代谢活性的变化信息可用于重金属生物有效性的检测.本文从细菌对重金属的耐性、环境重金属污染的细菌修复和检测等方面综述该领域近10年的研究进展,并就目前存在的问题提出今后亟待开展的研究.参86     

Experimental analysis of food detection in capuchin monkeys: effects of distance, travel speed, and resource size

Knowing how far away animals can detect food has important consequences for understanding their foraging and social behaviors. As part of a broader set of field experiments on primate foraging behavior, we set out artificial feeding platforms (90 × 90 cm or 50 × 50 cm) throughout the home range of one group of 22 brown capuchin monkeys, at sites where they had not seen such platforms previously. Whenever the group approached such a new platform to within 100 m, we recorded the group's direction and speed of approach, and the identity and distance from the platform of the group member that detected the platform or came closest to it without detecting it. We used logistic regression on these data to examine the effects of group movement speed, platform size and height, and focal individual age and sex on the probability of detecting the platform as a function of distance. Likelihood of detecting a platform decreased significantly at greater distances – the probability of detecting a platform reached 0.5 at 41 m from the group's center and 25.5 m from the nearest group member. These results show that detectability of platforms by the entire group (9 adults, 13 juveniles) was less than twice that for single group members. Detectability at a given distance decreased severely as the group moved faster; at their fastest speed, individuals had to approach a platform to within less than 10 m to find it. The large platforms were significantly more likely to be detected than the small ones, suggesting that increased use of larger food patches by wild primates may not necessarily reflect foraging preferences. Received: 20 May 1996 / Accepted after revision: 5 April 1997     

新型甲醛被动式检气管的研制

新研制的甲醛被动式检气管是建立在气体分子扩散和化学吸收原理基础上的，检气管内的惰性担体上浸渍了对甲醛特效的希夫试剂。当管内进入甲醛气体时，即发生显色反应，检气管的显色长度的平方与甲醛浓度及采样时间的乘积成线性关系。检出下限为０．０１５ｍｇ＃Ｌ（采样５ｈ），它集采样与分析为一体，结构简单，不需动力，便于携带和操作方便，应用于检测某厂刨花板车间和制胶车间的甲醛气体，与传统的注射器采样比色分析法对比，结     

Solute transport in crystalline rocks at Äspö — I: Geological basis and model calibration

Water-conducting faults and fractures were studied in the granite-hosted Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (SE Sweden). On a scale of decametres and larger, steeply dipping faults dominate and contain a variety of different fault rocks (mylonites, cataclasites, fault gouges). On a smaller scale, somewhat less regular fracture patterns were found. Conceptual models of the fault and fracture geometries and of the properties of rock types adjacent to fractures were derived and used as input for the modelling of in situ dipole tracer tests that were conducted in the framework of the Tracer Retention Understanding Experiment (TRUE-1) on a scale of metres. After the identification of all relevant transport and retardation processes, blind predictions of the breakthroughs of conservative to moderately sorbing tracers were calculated and then compared with the experimental data. This paper provides the geological basis and model calibration, while the predictive and inverse modelling work is the topic of the companion paper [J. Contam. Hydrol. 61 (2003) 175].The TRUE-1 experimental volume is highly fractured and contains the same types of fault rocks and alterations as on the decametric scale. The experimental flow field was modelled on the basis of a 2D-streamtube formalism with an underlying homogeneous and isotropic transmissivity field. Tracer transport was modelled using the dual porosity medium approach, which is linked to the flow model by the flow porosity. Given the substantial pumping rates in the extraction borehole, the transport domain has a maximum width of a few centimetres only. It is concluded that both the uncertainty with regard to the length of individual fractures and the detailed geometry of the network along the flowpath between injection and extraction boreholes are not critical because flow is largely one-dimensional, whether through a single fracture or a network. Process identification and model calibration were based on a single uranine breakthrough (test PDT3), which clearly showed that matrix diffusion had to be included in the model even over the short experimental time scales, evidenced by a characteristic shape of the trailing edge of the breakthrough curve. Using the geological information and therefore considering limited matrix diffusion into a thin fault gouge horizon resulted in a good fit to the experiment. On the other hand, fresh granite was found not to interact noticeably with the tracers over the time scales of the experiments.While fracture-filling gouge materials are very efficient in retarding tracers over short periods of time (hours–days), their volume is very small and, with time progressing, retardation will be dominated by altered wall rock and, finally, by fresh granite. In such rocks, both porosity (and therefore the effective diffusion coefficient) and sorption K_ds are more than one order of magnitude smaller compared to fault gouge, thus indicating that long-term retardation is expected to occur but to be less pronounced.