水环境中微囊藻毒素分析技术进展

微囊藻毒素将成为衡量水质好坏的指标之一。水体中微囊藻毒素的检测是了解水体污染和毒素控制的基础,因此微囊藻毒素的检测变得尤其重要。文章综述了目前微囊藻毒素的来源、化学结构和性质的研究成果,重点评述国内外微囊藻毒素检测方法进展。     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱/质谱法测定水体中54种常见挥发性有机物的研究

运用吹扫捕集/气相色谱/质谱(P＆T/GC/MS)法对水体中54种常见的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行了测定.结果表明,VOCs的色谱分离情况较好,平均加标回收率为88.5%～117.0%,相对标准偏差为0.71%～8.50%,准确度和精密度均符合有关分析测试的要求;方法检出限为0.10～0.61μg/L,远低于<地表水环境质量标准>(GB 3838-2002)、<生活饮用水卫生标准>(GB3838-2002)及国外相关标准的限值;54种VOCs的线性范围不同,低沸点的VOCs线性范围较宽,高沸点的VOCs的线性范围较窄,因此在分析VOCs样品配制标准工作曲线时,应注意不同沸点VOCs的线性范围.     

可用于血清游离铜快速检测的特异性识别元件

铜离子广泛存在于环境和食品中,机体中游离铜离子含量增加可导致神经系统功能紊乱和肝、肾损害等。目前铜离子的检测方法主要有:原子吸收光谱法(AAS)、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICPMS),这些方法虽然检测结果准确、灵敏度高,但仪器昂贵、样品处理复杂且不能区分铜离子的存在形态。因此,探索基于铜离子特异性识别元件构建的荧光或电化学检测方法在游离铜快速特异性响应中的应用受到了广泛青睐,其对应的铜离子特异性识别元件如有机小分子、纳米材料、生物分子等亦得到了不断地丰富和发展。有机小分子设计灵活,纳米材料响应灵敏,生物分子特异性强、生物相容性好,此三者作为特异性识别元件在血清游离铜的检测中具有广阔的应用前景。     

某矿热炉烟气余热利用系统测量与诊断

对某铁合金厂2台硅铁矿热炉烟气参数进行了现场测量,测量结果表明,测点烟气温度偏低,流量偏大.通过对原始测量数据进行筛选整理,得到了更加真实的测量结果;通过分析测量数据,诊断出导致现有余热锅炉进口烟气温度偏低的主要原因,并给出相应的对策建议.     

Detection of Escherichia coli in a cattle manure composting process by selective cultivation and colony polymerase chain reaction

Livestock manure is suitable for use as a composting material. However, various intestinal microbes, such as Escherichia coli, are significant components of such manures. Thus, it is desirable that the level of intestinal microbes, and particularly opportunistic pathogens, in compost is inspected and counted regularly. The sensitivity and specificity of detection of E. coli in compost have been improved by selective cultivation followed by colony polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the ECO primer. Indeed, the sensitivity of this method is higher than that of DNA extraction from compost and PCR. In this study, changes in numbers of E. coli present in a field-scale composting process over time was assessed using selective cultivation and colony PCR. Numbers of ECO-positive colonies after 24 h decreased, with a concomitant rise in compost temperature. ECO-positive colonies were not detected from 33 to 48 h. However, ECO-positive colony numbers increased beginning on day 4 and continuing until day 42. Thus, it seems likely that the high temperatures reached during the composting process did not affect E. coli numbers in the final compost. Additionally, selective cultivation followed by colony PCR using specific primers is an appropriate method of determining levels of cultivable pathogens in composted materials.     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换理论的结构损伤检测

详细介绍了一种适合分析非线性非平稳数据的新方法——Hilbert-Huang变换,并将此方法应用于结构损伤检测。仿真实验是某三层剪切型建筑结构受两种不同地震烈度的地震动激励,结构在此过程中出现的损伤由层间刚度衰减的方法近似模拟,用巴特沃斯低通滤波器对得到的每层加速度数据进行滤波,然后对滤波后的数据进行Hilbert-Huang变换分析,得到其Hilbert谱,并对Hilbert谱进行了分析。结果表明,此方法能有效地提取结构的损伤特征,从而对结构的健康状况做出诊断。     

金属材料腐蚀检(监)测常用方法概述

从机械方法、无损检测方法和电化学方法3个方面简要介绍了常用的腐蚀检(监)测方法,并对各种检验方法的特点和适用范围进行了比较.在实际的生产实践中应根据具体情况,依据可靠性和适用性的原则选择合适的方法,从而达到高效、准确的检验目的.     

火灾后结构损伤冲击回波法检测数据小波分析的研究

针对火灾后混凝土结构受损综合评判的现状,指出常规检测方法的不足;系统地阐述冲击回波法检测混凝土结构内部缺陷的原理和优越性,提出运用冲击回波法检测火灾后有缺陷的混凝土结构,对采集到的信号进行小波分析,提取反映混凝土结构内部缺陷的特征信息,实现结构损伤检测。实测表明,使用冲击回波法可快速、准确检测火灾后混凝土内部缺陷,通过小波变换对回波信号的奇异性进行检测分析,能有效消除噪声干扰,并准确检测出缺陷位置,可以提高火灾后混凝土结构的检测速度和精度。