珠江口桂山岛沉积物中重金属生物毒性评价和同步萃取金属形态特征

采用冷扩散法和连续萃取方法对珠江口桂山岛附近7个位点表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、同步萃取重金属(SEM)和沉积物中重金属形态进行了研究.研究结果表明,表层沉积物中AVS含量较低,沉积物中重金属主要以残留态和硫化物结合态存在,其次为还原态、有机质结合态和少量弱酸提取态.Pearson相关分析表明,沉积物中SEM与Ca(r=0.677)、Al(r=0.668)和Fe(r=0.787)有显著正相关关系,而与有机碳(r=-0.908)有显著负相关关系,沉积物组分影响着重金属的生物毒性,SEM/AVS预测可能会过高估计重金属生态毒性.由150μmol.g-1(∑SEM-AVS)/fOC340μmo.lg-1,表层沉积物中重金属对底栖生物有潜在或慢性毒性作用.对沉积物样品中SEM结合特征研究表明,SEM-Cu主要为Cu弱酸提取态、还原态和硫化物结合态,另有部分有机质结合态和少量残留态;SEM-Pb和SEM-Ni主要为Pb和Ni残留态,同时还包括Pb和Ni全部弱酸提取态、还原态、有机质结合态和硫化物结合态;SEM-Zn主要为Zn弱酸提取态、还原态和硫化物结合态,另有少量的有机质结合态.     

采油厂硫化氢的安全防护与对策

介绍了油气井中硫化氢的来源、危害,并重点阐述了采油厂含硫化氢油井的分布情况和有关硫化氢的监测和安全防护措施。     

柴油加氢装置生产过程中职业病危害因素调查

目的通过对柴油加氢装置生产过程中职业病危害因素的调查,提出职业病危害防护的关键控制点,对防护措施及职业健康体检提出针对性建议。方法采用检查表法对职业卫生状况进行调查,并用定点、个体采样对职业病危害因素进行检测。结果工作场所的总烃(柴油)、硫化氢、噪声检测结果符合国家职业卫生标准,防护措施完善,健康体检未检出目标疾病及疑似职业病。结论职业病危害防护的关键控制点为硫化氢、噪声,以及采样及检维修过程,通过现有防护措施可有效降低工作场所职业病危害因素的浓(强)度,维护作业人员职业健康。     

硫氮比对废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联功能茵的影响

从废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联反应器中分离到了2株同步脱氮除硫功能菌--荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)和铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa).在pH 7.0,温度30℃,无供氧,培养时间2 d的条件下进行了2株功能菌纯培养的同步脱氮除硫效果试验,研究了不同硫氮比对同步脱...     

蒸汽驱油井硫化氢安全防治技术

为安全有效地消除原油中的硫化氢,在分析了现有技术存在不足的情况下,提出了利用井下产出液的流动动能作为动力,驱动叶轮旋转并带动微型螺杆泵,将消除硫化氢的注剂泵入到采出液中来实现消除硫化氢的目的。通过研究,研制了井下消除硫化氢注剂注入管柱及微型螺杆注入泵。该注入装置安全性高,操作简单,消除效果好,从而达到有效治理硫化氢的目的,满足油井的安全作业要求。     

Fenton cleaning strategy for ceramic membrane fouling in wastewater treatment

Membrane fouling is an obstacle impeding the wide applications of ceramic membranes and organics are responsible for most of the membrane fouling issues in wastewater treatment. In this study, Fenton cleaning strategy was firstly proposed to clean ceramic membrane fouling in wastewater treatment. Fe~(2+)efficiently catalyzed fouling cleaning with H_2O_2(1.5%) to recover the filterability of ceramic membrane. The maximum ΔTMP recovery(over 99%) was achieved at an optimal Fe~(2+)dosage of 124 mg/L after 6 hr of immersion cleaning. The total residual membrane fouling resistance decreased gradually from this optimum value as the Fe~(2+)dosage increased above 124 mg/L. The residual hydraulically reversible fouling resistance accounted for most of the membrane fouling and was basically removed(≤3.0 × 10~9 m~(-1)) when Fe~(2+)dosages higher than 124 mg/L were used. The foulants responsible for the formation of a residual hydraulically reversible fouling layer(DOC(dissolved organic carbon), proteins, polysaccharides, EEM(fluorescence excitationemission matrix spectra), SS(suspended solids), and VSS(volatile suspended solids)) were gradually removed as the Fe~(2+)dosage increased. These residual organic foulants were degraded from biopolymers(10–200 kDa) to low molecular weight substances(0.1–1 kDa),and the particle size of these residual foulants decreased significantly as a result. The strong oxidation power of hydrogen peroxide/hydroxy radicals towards organic foulants was enhanced by Fe~(2+). Fe~(2+)played a significant role in the removal of hydraulically reversible fouling and irreversible fouling from the ceramic membrane. However, Fe~(2+)(≥ 124 mg/L) increased the likelihood of forming secondary iron-organics aggregates.     

海洋沉积物中Zn对底栖端足类生物的毒性

通过分析Zn加标沉积物中酸溶挥发性硫化物与同步提取金属的摩尔浓度差值解释Zn对底栖生物的毒性作用,受试生物种选择端足类底栖生物日本大螯蜚(Grandidierella japonica),使用实验室沉积物10-day急性毒性生物检验方法进行检验分析结果表明,当酸溶挥发性硫化物与同步提取金属的差值＜0μmol/g干重时,Zn在沉积物间隙水中的浓度非常低,而且在生物急性毒性试验中也很少发现生物致死的现象相反,当二者的差值＞0μmol/g时,Zn在沉积物间隙水中的浓度则明显升高,而且在生物急性毒性试验中受试生物致死率迅速增加.本研究通过将化学数据与生物短期暴露的观察结果相比较,支持了使用酸溶挥发性硫化物作为归一化因子预测金属沾污沉积物毒性的方法.     

生物强化自发电化学氧化含硫废水及关键功能微生物研究

构建了以高锰酸钾溶液为阴极电子受体,石墨棒为电极的硫化物自发电化学氧化系统.该系统可自发电化学氧化硫化物,去除率为68.15%~89.30%,其主要氧化产物为单质硫（68.10%~86.63%）,且最大氧化速率可达34.76 mg·L^-1·h^-1,最大稳定电流密度为37.38 mA·m^-2.经生物强化后,该系统的硫化物去除率高于99.80%,其主要氧化产物为硫酸盐（21.98%~74.43%）和单质硫（25.43%~78.02%）,其最大氧化速率可达45.90 mg·L^-1·h^-1,最大稳定电流密度为36.61 mA·m^-2.并通过高通量测序分别从门和属分类水平对生物强化系统阳极室内污泥细菌群落进行分析,相对丰度较高的是具有硫化物氧化功能的变形菌门和具有胞外电子传递能力的拟杆菌门.     

Effects of Fe(II) on anammox community activity and physiologic response

• 0.12 mmol/L Fe(II) enhanced the total anammox activity and bacterial abundance best. • 0.09 mmol/L Fe(II) led to the best performance on relative anammox activity. • 0.75 mmol/L Fe(II) had an immediate but recoverable inhibition on anammox activity. • More genes but not relative level were expressed at higher Fe(II) concentration. Though there are many literatures studying the effects of iron on anammox process, these studies only focus on the reactor performance and/or the microbial community changes, the detailed effects and mechanisms of Fe(II) on anammox bacterial activity and physiology have not been explored. In this study, four Fe(II) concentrations (0.03, 0.09, 0.12 and 0.75 mmol/L) were employed into the enriched anammox culture. The enhancement and inhibition effects of Fe(II) on anammox process and bacterial physiology were investigated. It was discovered that the anammox process and bacterial growth were enhanced by 0.09 and 0.12 mmol/L Fe(II), in which the 0.12 mmol/L Fe(II) had advantage in stimulating the total anammox activity and bacterial abundance, while 0.09 mmol/L Fe(II) enhanced the relative anammox activity better. The anammox activity could be inhibited by 0.75 mmol/L Fe(II) immediately, while the inhibition was recoverable. Both 0.09 and 0.12 mmol/L Fe(II) induced more genes being expressed, while didn’t show a stimulation on the relative expression level of functional genes. And anammox bacteria showed a stress response to detoxify the Fe inhibition once inhibited by 0.75 mmol/L Fe(II). This study provides more information about physiologic response of anammox bacteria to external influence (enhancement and inhibition), and may also instruct the future application of anammox process in treating various sources of wastewater (containing external disturbances such as heavy metals) and/or different treatment strategies (e.g. from side-stream to main-stream).     

煤矿硫化氢异常富集主控因素的广义灰色关联分析

为了探究煤矿硫化氢异常富集主控因素,以陕西彬长小庄矿4#煤层为研究对象,通过分析煤层热演化温度、吸附特性、孔隙特征、全硫含量以及还原性指数等影响煤体自身物化性质的主控因素,并运用灰色系统理论构建广义灰色关联度评价模型,以定量的方式确定各因素的广义关联度大小。结果表明:当煤层硫化氢浓度由08×10-6升高至6×10-6时,对应热演化温度、吸附常数、BET比面积、全硫含量以及还原性指数变化范围分别为:96~113 ℃,288~362,0412 5 ~0986 4 m2·g-1,021%~088%,31~85,主控因素综合关联度排序为:还原性指数＞吸附常数＞全硫含量＞热演化温度＞BET比表面积。