Simulating dynamic and mixed-severity fire regimes: A process-based fire extension for LANDIS-II

Fire regimes result from reciprocal interactions between vegetation and fire that may be further affected by other disturbances, including climate, landform, and terrain. In this paper, we describe fire and fuel extensions for the forest landscape simulation model, LANDIS-II, that allow dynamic interactions among fire, vegetation, climate, and landscape structure, and incorporate realistic fire characteristics (shapes, distributions, and effects) that can vary within and between fire events. We demonstrate the capabilities of the new extensions using two case study examples with very different ecosystem characteristics: a boreal forest system from central Labrador, Canada, and a mixed conifer system from the Sierra Nevada Mountains (California, USA). In Labrador, comparison between the more complex dynamic fire extension and a classic fire simulator based on a simple fire size distribution showed little difference in terms of mean fire rotation and potential severity, but cumulative burn patterns created by the dynamic fire extension were more heterogeneous due to feedback between fuel types and fire behavior. Simulations in the Sierra Nevada indicated that burn patterns were responsive to topographic features, fuel types, and an extreme weather scenario, although the magnitude of responses depended on elevation. In both study areas, simulated fire size and resulting fire rotation intervals were moderately sensitive to parameters controlling the curvilinear response between fire spread and weather, as well as to the assumptions underlying the correlation between weather conditions and fire duration. Potential fire severity was more variable within the Sierra Nevada landscape and also was more sensitive to the correlation between weather conditions and fire duration. The fire modeling approach described here should be applicable to questions related to climate change and disturbance interactions, particularly within locations characterized by steep topography, where temporally or spatially dynamic vegetation significantly influences spread rates, where fire severity is variable, and where multiple disturbance types of varying severities are common.     

火灾扑救模拟演练DIS系统框架的研究

论述了分布式交互仿真 (DistributedInteractiveSimulation ,简称DIS)技术在火灾扑救模拟演练中的应用 ,给出其系统框架 ;详细描述了该DIS系统中的白方系统、蓝方系统和红方系统的具体组成功能部分 ;提出了实现这些功能的软件平台。最后给出了研究DIS在火灾扑救演练应用中的结论 ;指出未来的发展方向 ,强调了实际应用中可能出现的技术难点     

反应失控型火灾爆炸事故预测

介绍了一种预测反庆失控灾害的方法,通过实验测定容器的时间常数,预测能够引起反应失控的最低环境温度,发生反应失控时的危险温度,以及达到最大反应速度反需的时间,预测结果与实际情况具有良好的一致性。     

基于神经网络的火灾探测系统

本文提出了一种基于神经网络的火灾探测方法,其对火灾的各种状态进行了识别,提高了早期发现火灾的能力,实验结果表明,该方法在火灾自动探测中是一种十分有效的方法。     

火灾科学中计算机模拟的新进展

本文主要讨论了火灾计算机模拟的三种新的数值模型，即场区模型、场区网模型及综合模型；并运用此三种模型分别对三种情形下发生的火灾进行了计算机模拟，结果表明此三种模型是可行的。     

热气溶胶灭火剂扑灭固体木垛火的实验研究

文章系统分析了热气溶胶灭火剂抑制A类火能力的影响因素,并用SQ灭火剂在全淹没条件下进行实验,研究了灭火剂用量、灭火室大小、木垛的预燃程度和木垛结构大小对灭火效果的影响规律,结果表明SQ热气溶胶灭火剂抑制A类火比B类火困难得多,此外灭火效果与木垛预燃程度、木垛的结构尺寸有关,与灭火实验所用的灭火室大小关系不大。并指出在评价热气溶胶灭火剂扑灭A类木垛火能力时,应详细给出灭火实验所采用的条件,特别是火灾模型的情况。     

火灾探测算法评估技术研究

论述了火灾探测算法评估技术研究的重要性。提出一种火灾探测算法评估技术方法,在评估过程中主要考虑了火灾探测算法的三种重要属性,即火灾探测性能、环境适应性和抗误报能力。设计并实现了三种火灾探测算法评估模式和相应的实验流程,包括实体实验、接口模拟和软件模拟。为每一种模式设计了具体的实验方法,评估实例证明了所设计的模式和方法的有效性。     

一种关于点型探测器火灾探测能力的评估方法

以探测器火灾信息数据库为依据,通过对目前使用最为广泛的各种点型感烟、感温及CO气体探测器对八种典型试验火响应数据测量及数据挖掘,提出用梯度幅值评估方法,对上述探测器的火灾探测能力作出相应的评估结论,为城市建筑火灾自动探测报警系统的正确设计、选型和使用提供了参考理论依据。     

空心玻璃微珠对泡沫灭火剂发泡能力和热稳定性影响研究

本文研究了空心玻璃微珠添加量及泡沫液浓度对泡沫灭火剂发泡能力和稳定性的影响,对比了热辐射条件下空心玻璃微珠添加前后泡沫的热稳定性.结果表明,添加量低于40%时,空心玻璃微珠对泡沫灭火剂发泡能力影响不大,而泡沫的稳定性显著降低,添加量为50%时,虽泡沫发泡能力降低,但泡沫的稳定性却增强.泡沫的发泡能力随蛋白泡沫浓度升高而增强.蛋白浓度为10%,空心微珠添加量为50%时,由于泡沫内部形成了稳定的三相泡沫骨架结构,泡沫热稳定性较未添加微珠之前显著增强.     

聚苯乙烯泡沫芯材的燃烧特性及其在火灾事故原因调查中的应用

利用热解分析、热电偶束和ISO9705房屋/墙角等实验装置测试了彩钢板中聚苯乙烯泡沫(EPS)芯材的热解特性和水平方向的温度分布及整体板材的燃烧特性,结合某乳液公司冷库火灾事故原因调查,分析评价了EPS泡沫夹芯板的潜在和实际火灾危险性,证实了EPS芯材内部的燃烧和热传播为火灾蔓延的主要原因.