高层建筑正压送风工程设计的研究

本文建立了一种高层建筑正压送风量的计算方法。该方法简单、实用,可为高层建筑防火设计提供参考。     

油罐扬沸火灾及其安全防治对策

本文应用模拟实验研究方法,考察了扬沸过程的基本物理性状及其特点,在研究了扬沸形成规律的基础上,提出了两个新的安全防治对策:利用扬沸前兆噪声诊断、预报扬沸发生及应用循环冷却原理阻止扬沸形成。     

Fire hazards at the urban-wildland interface: What the public expects

Urban-wildland issues have become among the most contentious and problematic issues for forest managers. Using data drawn from surveys conducted by the authors and others, this article discusses how public knowledge and perceptions of fire policies and fire hazards change over time, the kinds of policy responses homeowners prefer as a way of preventing fire hazards at the urban-wildland interface, and how citizens view their own obligations as participants in interface issues. These data show that public attitudes toward fire have changed significantly over the past two decades and that educating the public about fire and the managers' use of fire can have positive effects on behavior. Yet, modifying the individual's behavior in regard to interface fire risks must also deal with important issues of individual incentives, the distribution of costs, and unanticipated policy impacts.     

高层建筑火灾避难区烟控设计的几个问题

高层建筑发生火灾后，保护人员的安全是个十分重要的问题。把楼内的一定区域设计为避难区或安全区，并对该区进行正压送凤，可以防止火灾烟气进入，从而使人们免受烟气的影响。本文讨论了避难区内外压差的计算方法，指出此压差取在２５－８５Ｐａ范围内为宜，分析了外界风速、建筑物的窗户破裂及门的开启或关闭对压差产生的影响，并对间接加压方案作了探讨．     

Natural fire management in National Parks

An evolving understanding of ecological processes, together with ambiguities in National Park Service policy, have led to multiple interpretations of the role of management in our large natural area National Parks. National Park Service management policies must be dynamic and responsive to changes in scientific knowledge and societal values. We propose that the principal aim of NPS resource management in natural areas is the unimpeded interaction of native ecosystem processes and structural elements. The case of the changing role of natural fire management is used as an example in developing this rationale.     

Display and interpretation of fire behavior probabilities for long-term planning

Fire management planning for wildlands traditionally uses fire behavior estimated on the basis of worst-case weather at a specific site, but more realistic estimates can be obtained by considering the entire distribution of possible sites and weather conditions. Probability distributions of four widely used fire behavior variables were derived for four test cases in the Northern Rockies and Northern Intermountain Zone. The variables were rate of spread, fireline intensity, fire perimeter length-to-width ratio, and scorch height. Results were depicted in simple line graphs, three-dimensional pin graphs, and tables; they ranged from the cumulative probability of one variable to joint probabilities of four variables. Increasing the number of variables depicted increased the amount and scope of information available. Examples of interpreting the graphs and tables show how these techniques can be used in long-term fire program planning, fire suppression, management of various resources affected by fire, and interdisciplinary resource planning.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Wet bench reactive hazards of cleaning stages in semiconductor manufacturing processes

According to the research from FM Global (Factory Mutual Insurance Company), most of the incidents that have occurred in semiconductor plants in the past two decades were reported as “Fire Cases”. They claim that the fires in wet chemical cleaning processes were mainly caused by heater failure. However, depending on the process conditions, electrical heaters are designed to turn off automatically when the temperature reaches a set point. Therefore, a thorough study of the situations related to possible fires in wet chemical cleaning processes is necessary.

This study focused on the incompatible behaviors of cleaning materials used in the wet bench stage. These results can be applied to determine the causes of fires in the wet bench stage from using reactive chemicals for cleaning purposes.

Another purpose of this study was to investigate the potential hazards of widely used chemicals (hydrogen peroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and isopropyl alcohol) within similar processes in semiconductor plants. Experimental data were also verified in order to establish a concentration triangular diagram, which could be used to identify a combustion, deflagration or even detonation zone. Finally, this study can provide basic design data for an inherently safer process to avoid potential hazards caused by dangerous mixtures, which may result in large property loss in semiconductor plants.     

铁路隧道整体式衬砌火灾力学响应特性数值模拟

通过ANSYS有限元数值模拟软件,建立了铁路隧道整体式衬砌的二维热力耦合有限元计算模型,基于ISO834标准火灾温升曲线,对不同单双线和不同等级围岩的铁路隧道整体式衬砌(单线III级围岩衬砌、双线III级围岩衬砌、单线IV级围岩衬砌、双线IV围岩衬砌)的火灾力学响应行为进行了数值模拟研究,获得了火灾作用下,不同的铁路隧道整体式衬砌拱顶竖向位移、边墙侧向位移、压应力、剪切应力的变化情况。结果表明:双线整体式衬砌拱顶的竖向位移大于单线整体式衬砌,围岩等级越大整体式衬砌拱顶的竖向位移越大,整体式衬砌承受的最大压应力和最大剪切应力随时间集中在不同厚度层的混凝土区域上。所获得的结论可为铁路隧道整体式衬砌的防火设计和安全性研究提供理论参考。     

配电箱在火灾环境下的热响应特性研究

对建筑中广泛使用的低压配电箱在实际火灾条件下的导热过程进行了分析,借鉴现有规范中对排烟风机的耐温要求,估算了配电箱在280℃时需要的隔热板厚度。在一腔室内利用火源功率为700kW的油池火模拟实际火灾环境,对普通配电箱和加隔热板配电箱箱体温升特性进行了研究,分析了火灾环境温度变化对配电箱箱体、内部温度变化的影响规律,验证了配电箱保持连续工作30min的耐火设计要求。