飞机防火试验中的燃烧反应动力学模型研究

使用反应路径分析法对Jet-A型航空煤油燃烧的气相燃烧机理进行简化。选用POSF-4658机理作为Jet-A燃烧的详细反应机理,该机理包含1607种燃烧组分、6633个基元反应机理。将飞机防火试验条件作为简化过程的初始条件,得到78种组分,196个反应机理的Jet-A燃烧机理。通过对Jet-A的简化反应机理、详细反应机理和JetA实验数据的比较可以发现,简化反应机理可以较准确地反映Jet-A型航空煤油在防火试验条件下的燃烧特性。利用常用的Jet-A型航空煤油简化机理计算的绝热火焰温度、点火延迟时间及层流火焰速度与本文提出的简化的计算值进行比较。结果表明,提出的简化机理在防火试验条件下具有较高的精确度。得到的Jet-A简化反应机理可为飞机防火试验的仿真研究提供燃烧场的化学反应动力学模型。     

Development of urban planning guidelines for improving emergency response capacities in seismic areas of Iran

This paper presents the results of research carried out to improve emergency response activities in earthquake-prone areas of Iran. The research concentrated on emergency response operations, emergency medical care, emergency transportation, and evacuation—the most important issues after an earthquake with regard to saving the lives of victims. For each topic, some guidelines and criteria are presented for enhancing emergency response activities, based on evaluations of experience of strong earthquakes that have occurred over the past two decades in Iran, notably Manjil (1990), Bam (2003), Firouz Abad-Kojour (2004), Zarand (2005) and Broujerd (2006). These guidelines and criteria are applicable to other national contexts, especially countries with similar seismic and social conditions as Iran. The results of this study should be incorporated into comprehensive plans to ensure sustainable development or reconstruction of cities as well as to augment the efficiency of emergency response after an earthquake.     

Towards an inherently safer bioprocessing industry: A review

The bioprocessing industry is regarded as one of the fastest growing sectors with an estimated compound annual growth rate of 8.6%. The global market for biopharmaceuticals is projected to rise to a market value of USD 727.1 billion by 2025. Due to the unique nature of bioprocessing industries wherein micro-organisms are employed to manufacture the desired products, these processes are prone to additional hazards such as biological hazards and dust explosion amongst others. This necessitates the need to review the existing research in the fields of biotechnology and bioprocessing to reduce/eliminate these hazards and pave the path towards a safer bioprocessing industry. The study involves developing a framework comprising of studying the recent technologies that reduce/eliminate these hazards involved in the bioprocessing industries that include dust explosions, loss of containment of toxic chemicals, loss of containment of biohazard/active product ingredient, fire, and explosion and mapping these technologies with respect to inherent safety principles that include substitution, minimization, moderation and simplification with an overall objective of minimizing the risk associated with bioprocesses and moving towards an inherently safer bioprocessing industry.     

连体宿舍楼火灾模拟与安全疏散研究

为提高复杂连体宿舍楼的火灾应急疏散效率，以某高层连体复杂宿舍楼为例，运用PyroSim对该复杂连体宿舍楼发生火灾时的烟气蔓延特性以及不同楼体之间的相互影响进行模拟，运用Pathfinder对该宿舍楼的人员疏散进行仿真模拟。火灾模拟结果表明:连体宿舍楼中，连廊对整栋楼的安全至关重要，建议加强对连廊的消防管理。疏散模拟结果表明:中间连廊保持正常通行可以有效提高疏散效率；连体复杂宿舍楼不适合男女混住，应该根据建筑物结构合理安排居住人员；增加2～3层连廊，并设置可移动式外挂楼梯，同时确保发生紧急事故时应急疏散指导人员正确快速地引导人员进行疏散，可以有效提高疏散效率。研究方法和结果可为复杂连体宿舍楼的消防措施、建筑设计以及宿舍楼应急管理提供参考和借鉴。     

Short-Term Influence of Tank Tracks on Vegetation and Microphytic Crusts in Shrubsteppe Habitat

Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) habitat within the Idaho Army National Guard Orchard Training Area in southwestern Idaho. The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term (1–2 years) influence of tank tracks on vegetation and microphytic crusts in shrubsteppe habitat. The two types of tank tracks studied were divots (area where one track has been stopped or slowed to make a sharp turn) and straight-line tracks. Divots generally had a stronger influence on vegetation and microphytic crusts than did straight-line tracks. Tank tracks increased cover of bare ground, litter, and exotic annuals, and reduced cover of vegetation, perennial native grasses, sagebrush, and microphytic crusts. Increased bare ground and reduced cover of vegetation and microphytic crusts caused by tank tracks increase the potential for soil erosion and may reduce ecosystem productivity. Reduced sagebrush cover caused by tank tracks may reduce habitat quality for rodents. Tank tracks may also facilitate the invasion of exotic annuals into sagebrush habitat, increasing the potential for wildfire and subsequent habitat degradation. Thus, creation of divots and movement through sagebrush habitat by tanks should be minimized.     

火源功率对竖井负压控烟效果影响的实验研究

基于竖井的烟囱效应原理,利用小尺寸实验台开展了一系列实验,通过改变油盘的尺寸,对竖井内的烟气温度、压力、速度以及通风口处的压力、气流速度进行测量,研究了火源功率对房间利用竖井进行负压控烟效果的影响。实验结果表明:一方面随着火源功率的增大,室内温度升高,热烟气形成的热压增大,使烟气向外膨胀;另一方面,竖井底部的烟气温度升高,竖井底部的负压值增大,烟囱效应增强,排烟速度增大,新鲜空气补入的速度增大,逐渐抑制住烟气从通风口向外溢出,达到了负压控烟的效果。     

细水雾幕衰减热辐射的数值模拟研究

针对现有防火分隔技术的不足,以细水雾幕作为新的防火分隔技术,开展了不同细水雾幕雾特性对衰减热辐射影响的数值模拟研究。通过建立长通道模型,在火源和被保护物体中间设置细水雾幕系统,测量有无细水雾幕及不同细水雾特性条件下被保护侧温度及热辐射强度值,来定性定量研究细水雾幕衰减热辐射的效率。模拟结果表明:细水雾幕可以很好的降低被保护侧空间的温度和热辐射强度;衰减热辐射效率随雾滴粒径的减小,喷雾流量的增大,喷头排数增加而增大;另外,其衰减热辐射效率与喷头布置方式有关,上喷方式明显优于下喷方式。研究结果将对现有防火分隔技术的改善提供帮助和技术支持。     

基于拉曼散射的分布式光纤定温与差温探测方法

基于拉曼散射的分布式光纤测温系统应用于火灾监测有独特的优势,弥补了传统感温探测器的不足。介绍了基于拉曼散射的测温原理及基于光时域的空间定位原理,并进行了火灾预警实验,实验结果表明当建筑物高度在一定范围内,基于拉曼散射的分布式光纤测温系统可以很好地实现火灾预警功能。     

"鸟巢"演唱会人员疏散CA-BP仿真研究

针对现今大型活动中的人群踩踏事故频发问题,通过对"鸟巢"演唱会进行人流疏散仿真分析,研究紧急情况下人流疏散逃生规律及均衡疏散方法.通过设置人员速度、移动余值、出口逃生条件等因素扩展元胞自动机行人流模型,并借助Matlab语言实现可视化仿真模拟,以探究人流疏散逃生规律;引入疏散系数,并通过建立BP神经网络获取较优疏散系数,均衡各个出口所承担的疏散任务.结果表明,"鸟巢"演唱会在疏散过程中人群对通行出口的选择较为不合理,仿真疏散总时间长达455.5 s,与理想疏散曲线所得疏散总时间270.0s相比,存在40.7％的偏差,为减小此偏差引入出口疏散系数指导人群定向选择出口,通过仿真模拟得到的疏散总时间为312.0 s,减少约31.5％,出口选择不均衡现象被显著缓解.最后提出了针对疏散不平衡问题的相关措施.