Fire accident investigation of an explosion caused by static electricity in a propylene plant

This study investigated a 2010 fire and explosion that occurred at a polypropylene (PP) and copper-clad laminate high-tech plant in Taiwan. Liquid acetone leakage caused the fire and explosion. One person was killed and five were injured; property damage was estimated at US$20 million. In contrast to conventional plants, high-tech plants have sophisticated instrumentation, highly complex pipelines, and confined spaces. In addition, the floor area in a high-tech plant is large and frequently contains a channel through the ground floor to the second or third floor. This channel design enables the fire compartment to be destroyed. Therefore, the system cannot confine the fire to a specific area, thus hindering fire-relief operations. In this study, the original fire outbreak occurred in the PP processing area on the ground floor. The acetone storage tank was located on the third floor. The investigation conducted at the fire site of the situations of the burning (bursting) loss determined that the acetone liquid leaked and dripped from floor cracks and tunnel oven to the PP processing area. Because the PP manufacturing process rapidly generates static electricity, the flammable liquids made contact with the source of ignition, which caused the explosion and fire. Various procedures, such as those involving the operating environment of production, packaging, and processing in a high-tech plant, are likely to produce static electricity in a workplace. Improved electrostatic management can prevent the loss of property and lives, liquid acetone leakage, and loss of equipment caused by static electricity fire.     

地铁站火灾人员安全疏散研究综述

为提升地铁站火灾疏散能力,减少灾时人员伤亡和财产损失,国内外大量的研究成果服务于地铁应急预案的制定。分别从研究手段和研究对象方面对国内外近年来的文献进行梳理,分析了地铁站火灾疏散中的烟雾特点、人员应急行为特征和心理反应、疏散中的瓶颈和疏散路径。系统地分析了影响地铁站火灾疏散的因素,比较了不同学者地铁站火灾疏散中存在的差异以及有待改进的地方,从改善地铁设计管理方面和提升人员疏散能力方面提出了建议。     

体育赛场人群疏散过程滞留人数定量模型研究

体育赛场历史事故统计分析表明,出口堵塞为导致人群拥挤踩踏事故发生的主要原因.滞留人群是疏散过程最常见的一种人流形式,同时也是拥挤踩踏事故风险的主要承载体.基于人群流量与人群密度关系建立了体育赛场时间维变量的滞留人数定量模型.体育赛场看台不同宽度出口人群疏散计算结果表明,滞留人数不仅对人群疏散时间有直接影响,而且与事故发生概率之间存在一定的关系.该模型可用于指导体育赛场出口设计,疏散路线选择及应急预案的编制等.     

火灾探测的原理和方法(下)

简述了火灾现象的物理特征、火灾探测的基本原理并对火灾探测算法的建立及发展作了介绍。对产生火灾误报警的原因进行了分析，指出要改善火灾探测的准确性，缺少的不是思路和技术，而是火灾科学基础研究的积累。     

沈阳商业城火灾及灾后修复

介绍了发生在沈阳商业城的火灾及灾后调查、检测和加固情况，从中得到一些有意义的看法。     

林火蔓延预测计算机图形显示系统

通过借鉴Rothermel(1972年)建立的林火蔓延的数学模型。提出了适合我国林区可燃物分布特性的火蔓延数学模型,并在其基础上筑构出用于估算特定可燃物分布状况、变环境条件下火蔓延趋势的专家系统—FF—1G软件。该软件能迅速、直观地显示出复杂地形条件下,相应的环境风速作用时地表火火蔓延不同阶段的过火区域分布状况。对若干实例计算的结果表明,其可靠性高,实用性强,应用背景广。     

Brushland fire-management policies: A cross-impact simulation of southern California

A cross-impact simulation computer language, UW-KSIM, is presented as a potentially useful technique for assessing the consequences of resource policies. Cross-impact simulation is used to estimate trends in a set of variables that result from interactions produced from hypothesized relationships among the members of the set. This technique is illustrated with an example that simulates the likely impacts of a 20-year rotation burn policy in southern California's brushland watersheds and that compares the results to a simulated representation of the observed effects of the fire-exclusion policy. Simulated losses under the fire-exclusion policy were up to 300% higher than those produced by the rotation burn policy. Similarly, the simulated average area burned per year was reduced from 5.6% of the study area under the fire-exclusion policy to 2% of the study area under the rotation burn policy. A corresponding reduction in simulated appropriations for fighting wildfires was also demonstrated.     

潮湿引起感烟火灾探测器误报研究

针对潮湿现象成为典型的火灾探测误报源 ,在火灾探测综合模拟实验平台中 ,通过收集水沸腾形成的水雾进行加湿 ,研究了冬季与夏季潮湿环境 ,对散射型光电感烟火灾探测器的发生误报影响。通过比较探测器的输出值与其附近湿度变化曲线 ,从原理上分析了误报发生的原因。实验结果表明 :在气温较低的冬季 ,水蒸气较易形成液态小水珠 ,容易导致感烟探测器误报警 ,而在夏季由于气温较高 ,这种情况较难发生。对相对湿度较高或达到饱和湿度 ,以及非火灾因素的雾气或微细水珠 ,对感烟探测器可靠性的影响 ,开展下进一步的工作进行了展望     

碳二馏分加氢反应装置火灾爆炸危险性评价

运用美国道化学公司的火灾爆炸危险指数评价方法 (第七版 ) ,对碳二馏分加氢反应装置的火灾爆炸危险性进行了定量计算和评价 ,其结果表明 ,该装置的火灾爆炸危险等级为“非常大”。为了降低该装置的危险程度 ,笔者提出了采取有效的安全补偿措施 ,以降低单元的危险程度的新思路。通过分析表明 ,针对部分补偿系数对装置进行安全改进 ,能有效地降低其危险性等级 ,同时可以为避免重大危险源火灾爆炸事故 ,提供切实可行的手段和途径。     

A land management history for central Queensland,Australia as determined from land-holder questionnaire and aerial photography

Features of the land management history over a 125,755 km(2) area of central Queensland, Australia were determined from a variety of sources. A random sample of 205 site locations provided the basis for determining trends in land use. Trends in vegetation clearing were determined using sequential aerial photography for the sample sites, revealing a steady rate averaging nearly 1% of the region per annum over 41 years. This measure of sustained clearing over a large region is higher than recently published clearing rates from South America. Land types have been selectively cleared with over 90% of the Acacia on clay land type having been cleared. A land-holder questionnaire pertaining to the random sites yielded a response rate of 71% and provided information on vegetation clearing, ploughing, tree killing (ring-barking or tree poisoning), and fire frequency, season and intensity. The land-holder responses were compared with independent data sources where possible and revealed no mis-information. However, land-holders may have been marginally less likely to respond if the sample area had been cleared, although this effect was not statistically significant. Ploughing and tree killing are variable depending on land type, but the former has affected about 40% of the Acacia on clay land type, effectively eliminating options for natural regrowth. The proportion of decade-site combinations that were reported as having no fires increased from 22% in the 1950s to an average of 42% for subsequent decades, although the reporting of more than one fire per decade has been relatively constant through the study period. The reporting of at least one fire per decade varies from 46% for the Acacia on sand land type to 77% for the Eucalypt on sand land type for decade-site combinations. Fires are more intense when associated with clearing than in uncleared vegetation, but the proportion of cool and hot fires is relatively constant between land types in uncleared vegetation. Nearly all fires reported were either in spring or summer and this seasonally restricted regime is probably at variance with Aboriginal fire regimes. This study describes the rapid transformation of central Queensland. This has yielded substantially increased agricultural production but may also result in a range of negative impacts and these are discussed.