高层建筑电梯楼梯协同人员疏散的优化模式研究

高层建筑利用电梯楼梯协同疏散有利于提高人员疏散效率。通过数学建模研究了多种因素影响下的协同人员疏散优化模式,结果表明:当电梯仅在某直达层停靠,电梯停靠层及以上楼层采用电梯疏散而以下楼层采用楼梯疏散时,存在最优的电梯停靠层;在每层疏散人数均匀分布的条件下,该最优层数不受疏散人数影响,随建筑高度增加呈线性增长,随电梯最大承载量增加呈阶梯式下降,随电梯平均运行速度增加呈阶梯式下降。     

城市消防安全影响因素及评估体系研究——以海南某沿海城市为例

在前人评估重点研究公共消防基础、灭火救援力量的基础上,增加消防安全形势、火灾防控工作对城市消防安全影响因素的研究,以海南某沿海城市为例,采用层次分析法构建城市消防安全评估体系,设置定量化评分判定基准,运用模糊集值统计法计算得分。评估结果表明体系更真实地反映了该市消防安全现状及火灾防控薄弱环节,最后针对高风险项提出具体改进措施。该体系模型丰富了评估指标数量;宏观考虑了该市热带气候、旅游型城市特征、火灾情况对消防安全形势的影响;更重要的是,提出将社会面火灾防控工作纳入评估体系。研究对于城市消防安全评估的宏观化、系统化、地域化、实用化、定量化都有一定参考意义。     

基于灾变的人群疏散避灾路径优化及应用

突发事件条件下的应急疏散是一个复杂的过程,不仅要考虑时间因素,而且要考虑疏散网络中各路段的受灾风险水平。因此,对于人群快速转移避灾路径的解算结果,不仅要求快速,还要求避灾。基于灾害预测的疏散路径优化理论模型,在求解时变灾害条件下,集成考虑实时与未来灾害影响的转移避灾路径优化算法。采用C#程序设计语言和Visual studio 2013平台,开发了进行模型算法实现的原型系统,并通过算例进行了说明。结果表明:在预先设置的灾害情景中,提出的模型算法可以提前规划出避开灾害且疏散时间较短的路径,为制定应急预案提供参考依据。     

Mapping fires and American Red Cross aid using demographic indicators of vulnerability

Social vulnerability indicators can assist with informing disaster relief preparation. Certain demographic segments of a population may suffer disproportionately during disaster events, and a geographical understanding of them can help to determine where to place strategically logistical assets and to target disaster‐awareness outreach endeavours. Records of house fire events and American Red Cross aid provision over a five‐year period were mapped for the County of Los Angeles, California, United States, to examine the congruence between actual events and expectations of risk based on vulnerability theory. The geographical context provided by the data was compared with spatially‐explicit indicators of vulnerability, such as age, race, and wealth. Fire events were found to occur more frequently in more vulnerable areas, and Red Cross aid was found to have an even stronger relationship to those places. The findings suggest that these indicators speak beyond vulnerability and relate to patterns of fire risk.     

无消防水池的变电站火灾工况数值模拟研究

当前,建于市区的变电站为了节约用地,其消防系统通常不建设消防水池,消防用水直接从市政管网取水,该消防模式下的取水安全及管网响应情况值得关注.论文以某城市中心城区为例,采用EPANET 2.0构建了供水管网模型,针对供水高峰、流量转输和事故爆管3种不利供水条件,开展了无消防水池变电站的消防系统5种不同火灾工况的水力计算与...     

火灾规律双重性模型及其对室内漏油火灾的分析

火灾的规律具有双重性:确定性和随机性。只有既研究其确定性又研究其随机性,并进而研究二者的综合才能完整地认识火灾的规律。本文提出火灾双重性规律的学术思想,通过构造室内漏油火灾的确定性和随机性模型,阐明运用火灾双重性规律表述火灾过程的具体方法。文中用微机实施的大量计算表明,该模型能方便地预言:发生室内漏油火灾时,室内设备是否会损坏以及可能被损坏的概率.     

地铁乘客疏散帮助行为及其影响因素的SEM模型*

为研究地铁疏散中乘客帮助行为及其影响因素之间的作用机制,通过对武汉市地铁站乘客疏散行为进行问卷调查,从普通乘客特征、特殊群体特征、安全认知、疏散环境和恐慌心理5个维度出发,构建地铁乘客疏散帮助行为及其影响因素的结构方程模型。研究结果表明:普通乘客特征、特殊群体特征、安全认知对帮助行为具有直接正向影响,其中安全认知对乘客是否提供帮助行为的影响最大;恐慌心理、疏散环境对帮助行为具有直接负向影响,其中恐慌心理影响较大;安全认知还通过中介变量普通乘客特征、特殊群体特征、疏散环境和恐慌心理对帮助行为产生间接影响。     

Fire risk management system for safe operation of large atmospheric storage tanks

This paper has been prepared by its authors to show the benefits coming from the application of the fire risk assessment methodology prepared by the “LastFire^© Project” group of experts. Now a days this methodology seems to be very effective to face the fire risk connected with large atmospheric storage tanks. It has been developed during the period 1997–2005 the HSE & operations experts from experts 16 worldwide operating oil companies. The authors, by “ad hoc” created software package, show the benefit coming from the applications of the LastFire^© methodology and how, from this, using the methodology and the supporting tad, realize a coherent fire strategy in the form of a Fire Risk Management System. Same workflow could also be extended to the issues connected with other problems related with large atmospheric tanks storing hydrocarbons, such as environmental impact by soil pollution, to create a common frame walk of assessment not can be shared with authorities as well. The proposed methodology, moving from the original project, sets as an effective “Fire Hazard Management Approach” in line with the most recent trends (even enforced by the regulations) shared at international levels, that propose the integration of risk assessment with prevention and protection measures selection based on achieved risk reduction, costs, time needed, etc.     

大型公共场所人群拥挤踩踏事故机理初探

近年来的事故灾害统计分析表明人群拥挤踩踏事故已逐步成为大型公共聚集场所的主要人为事故灾害类型之一.与火灾等常见人为事故灾害不同,人群拥挤踩踏事故的发生极其突然,社会影响重大.从人群拥挤踩踏事故的致因机理及承载体人群的运动规律开展相关研究,基于风险理论、事故突变等理论方法提出了人群拥挤踩踏事故风险(四阶段)理论,并构建了理论模型,对理论模型中的参数求解进行了阐述.人群拥挤踩踏事故风险理论研究可以为揭示人群聚集相关事故成因机制及形成演变规律提供一些有益的尝试及参考,其中的相关理论模型可供大型建筑(如奥运赛场)性能化设计、人群安全疏散及管理等工作参考.     

Advanced rescue techniques: lessons learned from the collapse of a building in Nairobi, Kenya

This paper examines the collapse of a five-storey building in Nairobi, Kenya, on 23 January 2006. It draws on reports from local authorities and on debriefings by Israel's Home Front Command (HFC), including information on injury distribution, rescue techniques, and the mode of operation. Most of the 117 people found under the structure were evacuated on the first day to a public hospital, which was overwhelmed by the incident. HFC forces arrived 23 hours after the disaster. At that stage, two people were still buried under the building and special techniques (tunnelling and scalping) were required to secure their evacuation. The two people quickly recovered after a short stay in hospital. Local technology is the preferred option during such events because time is crucial. International cooperation is required when this technology is not available. All of the hospitals in the disaster area, including private facilities, should participate in treating casualties.