建筑大空间火灾模拟及升温计算简单公式

钢结构经常用于建筑大空间环境。因为使用和功能要求,建筑大空间内通常无法设置防火墙来阻止火灾的水平传播,而是通过设置燃烧岛、防火舱及防火隔离带等措施将可燃物限制在一定区域内。大空间内可能的火灾为区域火灾。给出了模拟大空间火灾的理论模型和升温计算简单公式。公式基于火羽流相关理论,并引入工程相关常数得到。通过工况分析,考察了两种不同火灾场景,公式的计算结果与场模拟软件FDS结果进行了比较,二者符合良好。所给出的公式形式简单,式中参数的物理意义明确,推荐用于实际工程计算。     

灾害大规模混合应急疏散研究

为提高城市在自然灾害发生后的大规模疏散效率,减少人员伤亡和财产损失,以总时间最短为上层目标函数,应急疏散路网利用率最大为下层目标函数,考虑道路的通行能力及应急交通管理部门对应急疏散产生的影响,建立一个双层人车应急混合疏散规划模型。鉴于模型的复杂性,采用粒子群算法对模型进行求解。算例结果表明:有应急交通部门统一管理的路网应急疏散的能力比自然路网应急疏散的能力高87.3%。     

导向标志可见域的实验研究

在介绍可见域概念的基础上,将导向标志可见域转化为偏移角和观察距离的关系,开展了不同偏移角下导向标志观察距离的测量实验,分别测定了两种导向标志类型(电光源型和磷光型)在两种环境照度水平(正常照明和无照明)下,9种偏移角(0°、10°、20°、30°、40°、50°、60°、70°和80°)所对应的观察距离。实验发现随着偏移角的增加,观察距离非线性的减少,导向标志的可见域为椭圆形,该椭圆的短轴是偏移角为0°时的观察距离,该项实验的开展为导向标志可见域的确定提供了基础数据。     

基于激光引导的火灾人员疏散与应急救援系统

设计并开发了基于激光引导的火灾人员疏散与应急救援系统,该系统将程控激光指示与GIS技术相结合,通过探测器采集火场动态信息,针对火灾实际,生成安全迅速的疏散引导路线,解决了当前消防系统疏散标志设置混乱、易被误识别、引导效率低的缺陷,提高了现有消防引导疏散水平,对提高消防安全技术水平有较大的促进作用.     

火灾情况下小学生应急疏散量化分析研究

我国是一个火灾发生频率高的国家,为切实保障在校学生的人身安全,提高学生应急疏散能力,最大限度地减轻火灾造成的人员伤亡,有必要针对不同学生群体举行应急疏散演练训练。针对火灾中影响人员安全疏散的因素和不同年龄层次小学生特点设计实验方案,以时间为量化衡量值,对小学生疏散训练的效果进行量化分析,通过采用现场实验的方法采集数据,并采用SPSS进行统计分析归纳测试结果,归纳出小学生应急疏散训练特点,为将来国内小学校应急疏散训练效果评价指标体系研究提供参考依据,并且为针对小学生群体疏散演练的训练模式奠定一定的实验基础。     

Study of chemical supply system of high-tech process using inherently safer design strategies in Taiwan

The photoelectric, semiconductor and other high-tech industries are Taiwan's most important economic activities. High-tech plant incidents are caused by hazardous energy, even when that energy is confined to the inside of the process machine. During daily maintenance procedures, overhauling or troubleshooting, engineers entering the interior of the machines are in direct contact with the source of the energy or hazardous substances, which can cause serious injury. The best method for preventing such incidents is to use inherently safer design strategies (ISDs); this approach can fully eliminate the dangers from the sources of hazardous energy at a facility.This study first conducts a lithography process hazard analysis and compiles a statistical analysis of the causes of the fires and losses at high-tech plants in Taiwan since 1996, the aim being to establish the necessary improvement measures by using the Fire Dynamics Simulation (FDS) to solve relevant problems. The researchers also investigate the lithography process machine in order to explore carriage improvement measures, and analyse the fires' causes and reactive materials hazardous properties, from 1996 to 2012. The effective improvement measures are established based on the accident statistics. The study site is a 300 mm wafer fabrication plant located in Hsinchu Science Park, Taiwan.After the completion of the annual maintenance jobs improvement from September 2011 to December 2012, the number of lithography process accidents was reduced from 6 to 1. The accident rate was significantly reduced and there were no staff time losses for a continuous 6882 h. It is confirmed that the plant safety level has been effectively enhanced. The researchers offer safety design recommendations regarding transport process appliances, chemical storage tanks, fume cupboard devices, chemical rooms, pumping equipment, transportation pipelines, valve manual box (VMB) process machines and liquid waste discharge lines. These recommendations can be applied in these industries to enhance the safety level of high-tech plants, facilities or process systems.     

大空间仓库堆垛特性对水炮雾状射流灭火性能影响的实验研究

大空间堆垛储物仓库的消防安全日益引起重视,自动消防炮灭火系统已广泛应用其中。堆垛物遮挡和柱状射流特性对水炮灭火有影响,雾状射流由于覆盖区域增大可提高灭火效率,堆垛特性可能会影响雾状射流灭火效果,目前缺乏相关研究。通过预喷水、布水和灭火实验研究大空间仓库堆垛特性对水炮雾状射流喷水强度分布和灭火性能的影响。结果表明:该文所研究自动消防炮(安装高度8m,雾化角度90°)在5m至15m射程间,能够有效扑灭或控制大空间仓库火灾;喷水强度和有效保护面积随射程的增大而减小,仓库危险级Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级储物高度为3.0m-3.5m时有效保护面积在5m射程处分别为27.5m2和25.5m2;堆垛高度一定时存在最小堆垛间距,小于此值时火灾将不能被扑灭或控制。     

Uniting multi‐adult households during emergency evacuation planning

When a no‐notice emergency prompts an evacuation, family members in different locations throughout a city may unite so that they can evacuate as a group. This paper draws on data from more than 300 interviews conducted in the metropolitan area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The study uses discrete choice models to analyse the expectations of respondents regarding whether their likely plans for evacuation involve gathering spouses, parents, adult‐age children, and/or non‐family members. In addition, it addresses the matter of whether respondents plan to reunite with family members at home. Individuals' access to a personal car is the dominating factor in predicting whether respondents plan to gather a spouse. Being the parent of a child under the age of 18 years increases the tendency to report planning to reunite with family members at home. Both commute mode and car availability are not significantly associated with plans to reunite at home.     

楼梯间障碍物对安全疏散的影响研究

楼梯间存放的障碍物与人员安全疏散密切相关,利用仿真软件Pathfinder进行疏散模拟,研究楼梯间障碍物对疏散总时间和各出口流量的影响,以及人员路径选择的变化。结果表明,障碍物的存在对安全疏散产生较大的消极影响,使存在障碍物的楼梯间人流量减小,疏散时间延长;影响人员对疏散路径的选择,使其他楼梯间疏散人数增加和疏散时间延长;障碍物位置处易形成疏散瓶颈,造成严重拥堵。     

在校大学生肩宽及疏散速度的测量研究

为了确定疏散软件中符合中国人的疏散基本参数,采用现场测量的方法对在校男大学生的肩宽及各种情况下的疏散速度进行统计,并对测量结果进行分析。结果表明,在校男大学生平均肩宽为46．5 cm,正常状态下水平行走速度为1．37m／s,上楼速度为0．66m／s,下楼速度为1．36m／s,上坡速度为1．34m／s,下坡速度为1．59 m／s;在无障碍的情况下,紧急状态的疏散速度要比正常状态下的速度快得多,测量得到肩宽和疏散速度的数据,为疏散软件的改进及进一步研究人员疏散问题提供科学依据。