Model off-site emergency plan. Case study: toxic gas release from a fertilizer unit

An emergency plan is a formal written plan which, on the basis of identified potential accidents together with their consequences, describes how such accidents and their consequences should be handled either on-site or off-site. The primary objective of the off-site emergency plan for a hazardous installation is the prevention of accidents resulting in harm to human health, the environment or property. The prevention of accidents involving hazardous substances is the concern of many interested parties, including public authorities (district emergency authority, police, fire and medical services etc.) at all levels, industry and the community. This paper provides an overview of the release scenarios and affected areas, rescue and evacuation plans, communication and public information systems, roles and responsibilities of the district emergency authority, police, fire and medical authorities and their training, testing the plan/mock drill performance, review/observations, and finalization.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

我国建筑防火性能化设计的研究和应用现状

回顾近10年特别是“十五”以来我国建筑防火性能化设计的研究和应用概况。介绍性能化防火设计在我国引入、吸收和创新的发展历程;通过国内外对比分析,介绍在火灾场景设计、烟气流动与控制、人员安全疏散等方面取得的研究进展;结合我国当前消防安全管理体制,探讨实施性能化防火设计应关注的应用范围、执行流程以及设计资质等几个问题;并从火灾科学和消防安全工程学的基础理论、性能化防火设计的方法与工具、设计规范与技术标准等几方面探讨我国建筑防火性能化设计的发展思路。     

地铁高架车站火灾时人员疏散的性能化设计

地铁高架车站的人员安全疏散设计的原则是首先需要满足《地铁设计规范规》的要求,同时也要满足火灾工程学的安全疏散要求。本文首先介绍了地铁高架车站人员疏散通道的性能化设计过程和方法。选取广州地铁四号线典型高架车站,采用火灾场模拟和人员疏散动力学模拟的方法,计算模拟高架车站的站厅火灾时的烟气蔓延过程,以及高架车站的人员疏散过程。研究指出现有的通道设计能够确保在火灾时人员能够安全疏散。计算过程和方法可为国内地铁高架车站的人员疏散设计提供参考。     

火灾中人的心理状态及行为特点的研究

本文从心理学的观点出发,根据人的“心理——行为”模式,通过火灾事故中环境对人的影响,对火灾中个体和群集的心理行为进行交互分析,总结了个体和群集在火灾中的异常心理行为特点,有助于加强对消防安全培训的认识;同时也为建筑物性能化设计、建立疏散模型提供重要的理论基础。     

建筑物火灾中人的疏散方式研究

基于高层建筑物火灾危害性和高层建筑物火灾疏散的特点,提出疏散方式的类型———疏散至建筑物外安全地和就地避难的疏散方式,并讨论疏散方式确定的方法;针对我国火灾研究的现状,确定模型模拟法为可行之法;讨论模型模拟法确定疏散方式的原理,在模型模拟法中,就危险状态发生时间、疏散开始时间和疏散时间的确定进行了讨论;把疏散方式确定的原理应用于一座20层的宾馆火灾,得出其疏散方式为应在第12层设置避难层。     

大型公共场所人员疏散过程及引导作用研究

通过对已建立的大型公共场所人员疏散模型中的疏散速度和疏散时间进行改进，进一步模拟了同一避难场景中的不同人员按照各自的意志分别采取最短距离行为模式、进出一致行为模式和完全从众行为模式的，更接近现实的混合疏散行为模式；并在此基础上引入了引导人这一要素，通过设置引导人的数量、位置及其影响范围，对疏散过程中的引导作用进行了详细探讨，以期为充分发挥引导作用，从而提高疏散效率的避难对策提供依据。     

关于地铁列车火灾人员疏散问题的几点讨论

针对地铁车站火灾人员疏散时间计算方法的问题,比较研究国内现行《地铁设计规范》(GB50157—2003)和美国专门针对有轨交通系统的NFPA130标准的异同,其结果说明:国内设计规范关于人员疏散时间的计算方法存在不足;对区间隧道内列车着火的情况进行分析讨论,指出对列车在区间隧道内着火,且还能继续运行的情况,着火列车的运行速度对火势的发展以及人员疏散时间的影响是不可忽视的。     

Wet bench reactive hazards of cleaning stages in semiconductor manufacturing processes

According to the research from FM Global (Factory Mutual Insurance Company), most of the incidents that have occurred in semiconductor plants in the past two decades were reported as “Fire Cases”. They claim that the fires in wet chemical cleaning processes were mainly caused by heater failure. However, depending on the process conditions, electrical heaters are designed to turn off automatically when the temperature reaches a set point. Therefore, a thorough study of the situations related to possible fires in wet chemical cleaning processes is necessary.

This study focused on the incompatible behaviors of cleaning materials used in the wet bench stage. These results can be applied to determine the causes of fires in the wet bench stage from using reactive chemicals for cleaning purposes.

Another purpose of this study was to investigate the potential hazards of widely used chemicals (hydrogen peroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and isopropyl alcohol) within similar processes in semiconductor plants. Experimental data were also verified in order to establish a concentration triangular diagram, which could be used to identify a combustion, deflagration or even detonation zone. Finally, this study can provide basic design data for an inherently safer process to avoid potential hazards caused by dangerous mixtures, which may result in large property loss in semiconductor plants.     

受限空间地震时人员疏散的评价——以福州市某高校教学楼为例

根据地震预警原理,利用防火安全疏散理论方法对受限空间类公共场所—某校教学大楼发生地震时的人员安全疏散进行了分析和评价,并根据评价的结论提出了一些建议,为其它类型受限空间抗震安全疏散提供参考。