基于性能化设计的某大型游乐场人员疏散研究

作为新兴的室内大型娱乐场所,游乐场建筑规模大,功能复杂,现行建筑防火设计规范已不能完全适用于这类建筑,因而其消防安全问题极为突出。基于性能化防火设计方法,利用疏散模拟软件STEPS对某大型游乐场人员疏散进行了模拟计算,评估了其人员疏散的安全性,并给出了保证人员安全疏散的建议,所得结果对类似场所的人员疏散具有指导意义。     

化学实验室火灾、爆炸原因分析及防火防爆措施

从化学实验室内使用的化学物品的易燃易爆性能,存在的各种火源入手,分析了化学实验室发生火灾爆炸事故的原因和爆炸事故的特点,在此基础上提出了防火防爆的具体措施。     

福建国有林场森林防火工程体系建设成效

福建是我国重点林区,也是森林火灾的重灾区,福建国有林场系统重视森林防火工程体系建设,强化林火阻隔网络、林火预报与监控,林火交通通讯,组建快速扑火队伍等“四网二化”建设,取得显著成效。     

林火灾变阈值

木火灾是失去人为控制,自由蔓延的森林燃烧,破坏了原有森林的结构与功能,并能在相当内难难复原有林的结构,带来的一定的经济损失。本文提出６个林火灾变的生态指标,３个火行为指标,并提出林火灾变的阈值。     

林火管理成本中几个基本要素的确定与相互关系

通过用经济学的观点分析了林火管理成本中基本要素的相互关系及这些要素的确定,研究了林火防治成本与森林火灾损失之间的关系,提出了林火管理经济学中防治可能性区域的判据。     

Worker discrimination among queens in newly founded colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta

Although colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta are often founded by small groups of queens, all but one of the queens are soon eliminated due to worker attacks and queen fighting. The elimination of supernumerary queens provides an important context for tests of discrimination by the workers, since the outcome of these interactions strongly affects the workers' inclusive fitness. To test whether workers in newly founded colonies discriminate among nestmate queens, paired cofoundresses were narrowly separated by metal screens that prevented direct fighting, but through which the workers could easily pass. Soon after the first workers completed development, they often attacked one of the queens; these attacks were strongly associated with queen mortality. When one queen's brood was discarded, so that the adult workers were all the daughters of just one queen, the workers were significantly less likely to bite their mother than the unrelated queen; however, this tendency was comparatively weak. Queens kept temporarily at a higher temperature to increase their rate of investment in brood-rearing lost weight more rapidly than paired queens and were subsequently more likely to be attacked and killed by workers. Workers were more likely to bite queens that had been temporarily isolated than queens that remained close to brood and workers. When queens were not separated by screens, the presence of workers stimulated queen fights. These results show that workers discriminate strongly among equally familiar queens and that discrimination is based more on the queens' condition and recent social environment than on kinship. Received: 9 June 1998 / Accepted after revision: 10 October 1998     

基于Fluent的开县井喷事故后果模拟与分析

对开县井喷事故的相关资料进行了收集整理,确定了数值模拟所需的初始条件、边界条件. 以计算流体力学为主要技术工具,通过Fluent软件对开放空间大范围毒气扩散事故进行模拟;根据收集到的资料确定了模拟结果的符合性检验标准并进行检验,结合急性中毒标准,对模拟结果进行了分析,特别对风速和地形的影响进行了深入研究. 结果表明,事故发生时H₂S高浓度积聚的主要原因是开县的地形条件. 事故发生时的静风条件不利于气体对流和扩散,加剧了H₂S的积聚,重气效应虽然对浓度积聚有一定影响,但不是主要的决定因素. 针对H₂S在人员呼吸面上造成的毒效应的分析表明,由于H₂S分子量与空气接近,有可能在任何高度上出现高浓度,所以不能考虑向高处疏散人员的方案.      

考虑主动避让行为的养老场所人员疏散研究

为明确主动避让行为对养老场所人员疏散的影响,建立考虑主动避让弱势群体行为的元胞自动机模型,模型分别考虑避让弱势群体前方行走区域、斜前方行走区域、前方和斜前方行走区域对人员疏散的影响;分析不同避让方式下弱势群体比例、行人密度、弱势群体位置分布对整体疏散结果的影响.结果 表明:主动避让弱势群体行为能够降低疏散时间,增加疏散...     

中国消防行业ODS淘汰中的招标体系设计

讨论在中国消防行业臭氧层损耗物质的淘汰行动中采用招标这种市场手段实现淘汰资助有效和合理分配的可能性,提出了设计ＯＤＳ淘汰招标该体系的原则,并按照中国消防行业的具体情况分析,该招标体系的核心内容。论述实施体系的不确定性及可能的对策。     

Establishment of Aqueous Film Forming Foam extinguishing agent minimum supply intensity model based on experimental method

In recent years, serious fire and explosion accident in petrochemical storage tanks have taken place frequently. Therefore, increasing the firefighting force in petrochemical parks is particularly important. The ambition of the paper is mainly studying the supply intensity of Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) extinguishing agent. Fire extinguishing agent demand calculation method that can be capable of matching fire scale is established by carrying out series of fire extinguishing experiments. 6% AFFF is chosen to carry out three groups of experiments respectively: fire extinguishing agent fluidity determination, series groups of small size simulation oil pool fire and 177 square meters of large oil pool fire extinguishing experiment. The situation of fire extinguishing on fuel surface of AFFF can be explored through experimental means under cold and hot conditions. The data obtained from experiments prove a higher conformity between covering process and covering model under the cold condition. The model can predict the cold coverage of AFFF effectively. After unifying the supply flow from each experiment, the statistics can be fitted and come to the minimum supply intensity algorithm of AFFF against the target storage tank specifications. The algorithm is used to estimate the minimum supply intensity when extinguishing full liquid surface fire. This model also can be used as reference for petrochemical fire protection.