紧急疏散路径选择行为的实验研究

通过可控的人群疏散实验来分析紧急情况下的人群疏散规律。实验选取了建筑物出口位置、出口宽度设置作为实验变量开展。主要关注的参数有疏散时间和疏散速度。疏散人群在实验中自行选择认为最合适的路线。实验结果指出,在紧急情况下出口的距离和宽度共同影响了疏散的整体效率和疏散过程中的拥挤程度。女性的疏散行为值得关注,并且行人在疏散过程中,是分阶段决策疏散路径的,在仿真模型中可通过局部路径规划算法实现。疏散场景的布局对疏散效率的提高有较大影响,单纯增加局部出口的宽度以及缩短疏散路径对于提高整体疏散效率帮助不大。本研究成果对疏散模型的改进以及建筑设计有一定的指导意义。     

Perceptions of personal and governmental actions to improve responses to disasters such as Superstorm Sandy

Superstorm Sandy made landfall in New Jersey on 29 October 2012, leaving tens of thousands homeless, businesses destroyed, and 90% of New Jersey residents without electricity. Widespread infrastructure and property damage, health-related issues, and social dislocations still remain among the challenges. We interviewed 756 people in central and coastal New Jersey to ascertain damage levels, what they would do differently next time, and what governments should do differently. To deal with future events, people thought that they should prepare, buy generators and other supplies, and evacuate sooner. Their actions dealt with preparedness, rather than recovery or resiliency. However, the subjects felt that governmental agencies also had a responsibility for emergency actions, recovery, and resiliency. Preparedness included better warnings and helping to prepare homes for the impending storm. During the storm, people thought government should have faster evacuations, communications, and provide shelter, security, and supplies. Recovery included providing gas and generators, restoring electricity, providing money, and quicker response by FEMA and insurance companies. People thought the government should ensure resiliency of their communities by allowing no beach-front homes, having better building standards, and restoring dunes. Coastal people suffered greater damage for longer, and voiced a higher sense of wanting government actions.     

Consequence modeling of explosion at Azad-Shahr CNG refueling station

Safety of people has been the most important concern since the onset of commercial use of Compressed Natural Gas¹ as a novel type of vehicle fuel. Provided a car vessel bursts, irreversible consequences will surface. The most important hazard threatening people and their properties in CNG distribution stations is pressurized natural gas in station storage vessels and car vessels. Storage vessels are far from people; however, they may damage other properties such as pipes, valves, electrical equipment, and etc. Owing to the distance between storage vessels and the hive, the risk is not considered a big concern; on the contrary, car storage vessel is very close to the passengers sitting in the car and those standing around the car. The proximity heightens the risk as the consequences caused by vessel burst can be more catastrophic than the former condition. Taken together, the car CNG vessel burst may be regarded as the most hazardous event at CNG distribution centers. It is believed that modeling the mentioned events can illustrate risky conditions. The present study was formulated in order to model one of such accidents occurring in Azad-Shahr in the winter 2010. The obtained results provided useful points and recommendations like the minimum safe distance from rupture center depending on such outcomes as overpressure, types of fire, or toxic release. The recommendations provided by the present study can prevent people from calamitous events and they can be adopted so as to reduce severity of possible events.     

船舶安全疏散研究述评

船舶安全疏散作为保障船上人员生命安全的重要途径,已逐步成为世界航运业关注的焦点。介绍了船舶人员行为及运动特征、船舶疏散模型和船舶疏散设施等三个方面的研究现状。首先说明船舶人员行为及运动特征是船舶疏散研究的基础;然后介绍了现有的疏散模型研究、船舶疏散模型和仿真软件,以及三者之间的相互关系;进而简要介绍船舶安全疏散装置和船舶疏散研究的关系;最后针对船舶安全疏散研究存在的问题和不足,对船舶安全疏散的发展提出展望。     

纸面石膏板受热痕迹的数值重构研究

利用锥形量热仪实验测定了纸面石膏板暴露在不同辐射热通量、不同暴露时间下的烧损程度,基于火灾烈度理论对实验数据进行拟合,建立石膏板受热痕迹的半经验模型。通过修改FDS(Fire Dynamics Simulator)的源代码,将模型嵌入到软件中,与自身功能相结合,实现重现石膏板受热痕迹的功能。同时进行了石膏板受热痕迹的实体实验,研究了不同油盘面积、受热时间和相对位置对石膏板受热痕迹形成过程和结果的影响。利用增加了新功能的FDS软件对实体实验进行了数值重构,对比实验和模拟的结果,证明了该模型可用于石膏板受热痕迹的重现。该技术完善了火灾的数值重构技术,作为火灾调查的一种新兴的技术手段,对于完善事故调查的证据链,辅助火灾调查工作具有重要意义。     

燃烧烟尘凝团形貌的分形辨别方法研究

对火灾现场常见聚合物材料和易燃液体燃烧烟尘凝团进行了分形研究,通过线性回归得到了描述其形貌特征的分形维数和分形前置因子。研究发现大多数材料烟尘凝团的分形维数在1.5~2.0之间,燃烧时发烟量较大的材料通常具有较高的分形维数值。利用分形分析结论,对烟尘进行判别分析,可以准确判别烟尘种类。     

外立面作用下水平湍流浮力射流火焰的附壁研究

用防火板模拟建筑外立面,设计了可控流速和开口尺寸的气体燃烧器产生水平湍流浮力射流火焰,系统研究了外立面抑制火焰卷吸所导致的水平湍流浮力射流火焰附壁规律。将火焰流场演变分为两个阶段:(1)出口到流场水平动量衰减为零(等价点)的阶段;(2)火焰附壁或不附壁的阶段。其中,火焰附壁与否很大程度上取决于等价点到出口的水平距离LE。通过分析,我们发现雷诺应力是导致流场水平动量衰减和火焰附壁的主要原因。由此,我们基于普朗特混合长度理论推导了雷诺应力的近似表达式并结合动量控制方程,获得了LE与修正弗洛德数Fr*的线性关系,从理论上解释了出口宽高比n(n=B/H,B是开口宽度;H是开口高度)越大,火焰越容易附壁的现象,并确定了不同开口及流速条件下,火焰附壁的临界条件。     

基于风暴识别算法的森林火灾识别

采用风暴识别算法对森林火灾进行了识别。首先根据参数阈值调整后的风暴识别算法,得到二维分量,结合不同云回波与火灾回波的差异,对火灾回波进行识别。根据算法对浙江省温州市三次森林火灾过程进行识别,结果显示:对于三次火灾过程都能够有效识别。对于火灾发生初期和熄灭时,由于回波强度较弱,回波结构松散,与小范围弱回波混合,导致漏识别。当回波中存在小范围地物杂波时,由于其尺度与小面积火灾接近,最终导致误识别。在森林火灾发生时,该算法可以帮助识别发生火灾的位置,为消防人员提供及时可靠的火灾地点及起火时间。     

活动板房全尺寸火灾实验研究

通过两次板房火灾试验,分析探讨板房的屋面材料和墙板材料的选用、室内可燃物的控制、板房之间的间距、板房之间设防火隔板以及板房的整体结构耐火等问题。得出:(1)板房的屋面材料建议选用:单层彩钢板+阻燃EPS泡沫板+石膏板吊顶。(2)板房中相邻房间之间的隔墙板,建议选用双层彩钢岩棉复合板等;其它墙板选用双面彩钢阻燃EPS复合板。(3)室内可燃物方面注意控制室内可燃物的种类和数量及其分布状况。(4)板房之间的间距考虑尽量放宽,同时尽量缩短房前屋檐的跨度。(5)板房之间设防火隔板可以有效地阻止火焰的蔓延,其防火效果显著。(6)板房整体结构具有一定的耐火功能。     

我国大兴安岭地区森林雷击火发生的火险天气等级研究

借鉴加拿大林火天气指数(FWI)系统,改进其计算方法。利用大兴安岭地区1966-2006年的气象数据,得到历史上雷击火发生时的火险天气指数,统计分析确定我国大兴安岭地区森林雷击火发生的火险天气等级。根据实地采样测定的可燃物的含水率对计算方法进行了验证。通过统计雷击火发生的火灾级别来检验划分雷击火发生火险天气等级方法的合理性。