火旋风模拟实验中热电偶测温辐射误差修正方法研究

辐射传热误差是浮力火羽流和火旋风热电偶温度测量中需要重点考虑的误差来源.该文利用火旋风模拟实验台开展火旋风温度测量实验并进行辐射误差分析,通过在同一测点布设多根不同直径热电偶,基于不同热电偶测温误差的对比,分析了几种多测量端温度误差修正方法,并通过两种粗细热电偶组合来检验不同修正方法的可靠性.     

火源位置对房间-走廊式结构下烟气危害性影响的实验研究

利用小尺寸典型建筑结构实验台选取了两种不同大小的油盘和三个典型的火源位置进行实验,同步获取浓度、温度、质量数据,对准稳态时段内的数据进行分析;以整个火源房间为控制体,以有害组分CO的积分平均浓度及生成率为研究对象,研究了不同火源位置影响下开口的气体质量流率与中性面高度之间的关系,以及火源热释放速率或中性面的高度对CO的浓度及生成率的影响.结果表明,无论火源处于近门角落还是远角,CO积分平均浓度及生成率的数据表明其烟气层的危险性均明显高于火源处于中心时的值.     

山区井场周边人群疏散实验研究——实验设计

为防止气矿开采及运行发生天然气泄漏事故对社会公众造成影响,确保突发情况下快速有序有效地将受到影响的社会公众转移或疏散至安全地带,最大限度保护群众的安全,通过对山区井场周边人群疏散的现场实验,获取山区环境下人群疏散的行为特征、疏散时间、运动速度等数据,为山区地形条件下大规模人群疏散模拟计算提供基础性实验数据,并为井喷事故发生时人员应急疏散组织和管理提供参考。本文及后续文章将报道气矿井场周边人群疏散演练的实验研究。这里,主要对实验方案包括疏散人群、疏散路径及测试方案等进行介绍。     

宅楼内火灾疏散的人员预动时间的统计分析

人员疏散预动过程是受多个不确定因素影响的复杂过程,这导致人员预动时间是一个随机量,而不是一个常数,研究人员预动时间的分布特征对风险评估与性能化设计研究有重要实用意义.设计了影响人员疏散预动时间的组成因子,通过问卷调查形式,对住宅楼人员预动时间进行了数据调查,并对数据进行了统计和分析,针对人员疏散预动时间特征进行了研究,得到了住宅楼火灾疏散预动时间中各因子的概率特征及预动时间概率分布特征,结果表明预动时间符合正态分布特征.     

高层建筑火灾初期利用电梯进行人员疏散的可行性探讨

概述高层建筑火灾情况下人员疏散的复杂性,指明了高层建筑传统的疏散方式及其存在的主要问题。结合火灾发展的规律、火灾初期电梯疏散的原理,建立了高层建筑在火灾初期利用电梯进行人员疏散的模型。针对火灾时使用电梯的主要危害,提出从电梯及电梯井本身的安全、送风、电梯分区及供电保障4方面的改进措施,并对火灾初期利用电梯进行人员疏散的安全合理性进行分析,结果表明在火灾初期利用电梯进行人员疏散具有一定的可行性。     

Determinants of Trust for Public Lands: Fire and Fuels Management on the Bitterroot National Forest

Management of public lands occurs today with high levels of scrutiny and controversy. To succeed, managers seek the support, involvement, and endorsement of the public. This study examines trust as an indicator of managerial success and attempts to identify and measure the components that most influence it. A review of trust literature yielded 14 attributes that were hypothesized to contribute to trust, grouped into the three dimensions of Shared Norms and Values, Willingness to Endorse, and Perceived Efficacy. Operationalizing these attributes and dimensions, a telephone survey was administered to a sample of Montana, USA, residents living adjacent to the Bitterroot National Forest (n = 1,152). Each of the attributes was measured in the context of federal lands fire and fuel management. Structural equation modeling showed that all 14 attributes were found to be influential contributors to levels of trust. Results suggest that if managers are to maintain or increase levels of public trust, they need to consider each of trust’s attributes as they make social, ecological, and economic resource decisions.     

Traditional olive orchards on sloping land: Sustainability or abandonment?

Traditional olive orchards account for a large share of the area under olives in the EU, particularly in marginal areas, like those analysed in the OLIVERO project. In general, traditional olive growing can be described as a low-intensity production system, associated with old (sometimes very old) trees, grown at a low density, giving small yields and receiving low inputs of labour and materials. Though such systems are environmentally sustainable, their economic viability has become an issue, since EU policies favour more intensive and competitive systems. Orchards that have not been intensified seem to be threatened by the recent reform of the EU olive and olive oil policy, as income support has been decoupled from production. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the present constraints to traditional olive growing, and to recommend some private and public interventions to prevent its abandonment. During the OLIVERO project, traditional olive production systems were identified and described in five target areas (Trás-os-Montes-Portugal, Cordoba and Granada/Jaen-Spain, Basilicata/Salerno-Italy, and West Crete-Greece). The causes and consequences of abandonment are discussed, based on the analysis of the costs and returns, which revealed that these systems are barely economically sustainable. Their viability is only assured if reduced opportunity costs for family labour are accepted, and the olive growing is part-time. Based on these results, recommendations are made to prevent the abandonment of traditional olive growing and to preserve its environmental benefits.     

Growth responses of low-alpine dwarf-shrub heath species to nitrogen deposition and management

Nitrogen deposition is a continuing problem in European alpine regions. We hypothesised that, despite climatic limitations, low-alpine Calluna heathland would respond to nitrogen addition with increased shoot growth and flowering and that fire and grazing would modify responses. In a five-year study, 0-50kgNha(-1)y(-1) were added, combined with burning (+/-) and clipping (+/-). Calluna vulgaris responded with increased shoot extension, but effects on flowering were variable. Burning enhanced the positive effect of nitrogen addition and negative effects of clipping. Sub-dominant shrubs generally did not respond to nitrogen. C. vulgaris shoot extension was stimulated by nitrogen addition of 10kgNha(-1)y(-1) (above background) supporting suggestions that alpine heathlands are sensitive to low levels of nitrogen deposition. Increased C. vulgaris growth could negatively impact on important lichen components of this vegetation through increased shading and competition. Climatic factors constrain productivity in this community, but do not prevent rapid responses to nitrogen deposition by some species.     

计算机仿真方法在人群疏散影响参数研究中的应用

建筑物中的人群疏散受到灾场环境、建筑结构以及人员本身等诸多因素的共同影响,明确这些因素的影响机理与程度对人群的疏散安全具有重要意义.借助仿真软件buildingEXODUS,以某地铁车站为例,定量地研究了人员行走速度等参数对人群平均等待时间和人群平均行走时间的影响.结果表明:不同参数对人群疏散的影响存在着差别.即使是相同的参数,在不同类型的建筑中,其影响程度也可能发生变化.在此基础上,明确了出口涌流能力、疏散人数、行走速度和疏散准备时间四个对整体疏散时间影响显著的参数,通过对上述参数的控制,可以提高人群疏散的安全可靠性.     

灾害教育类场所解说现状研究

防灾安全类博物馆、科技馆、遗址地、纪念馆等是开展灾害教育的最佳场所,此类场所公众灾害教育的开展依靠解说功能的发挥。目前关于灾害解说研究尚处于空白,故需对这类场所的解说理论与实践进行系统研究。本研究试图通过灾害类解说现状调查研究,发现问题,总结相应策略,促进社会灾害教育的开展。