重载铁路隧道可燃物极大丰富条件下火灾温度场数值模拟

针对重载铁路隧道内重载列车运载大量可燃物贯穿整条隧道的情况,建立了500m双线重载铁路隧道模型,利用大涡模拟技术,采用数值模拟的方法探讨了可燃物极大丰富条件下重载铁路隧道内,不同初始火源功率、起火位置下可燃物(红松木)火灾蔓延规律,进而分析了重载列车起火后隧道内火灾沿纵向、横向的温度分布特点、变化规律及后果影响。结果表明:重载铁路隧道内重载列车一旦发生火灾,不同起火位置对火灾向周围的蔓延速度有着明显的影响,而当火灾发生大面积蔓延时,由于隧道内通风量受限,将最终形成两侧隧道口附近燃烧剧烈,而中部较长区域燃烧受到显著抑制的特点。这也导致了隧道内拱顶附近处的最高温度位置由初始火源正上方,沿纵向逐渐向隧道洞口移动,并最终稳定在两侧隧道口附近,同时隧道中部温度也发生大幅度降低,这种温度分布特征对隧道衬砌结构损伤及破坏将产生重要影响。     

心理迫切因素对行人疏散动力学的影响研究

为更准确地描述行人疏散动力学特征,利用目前行人疏散模型对行人疏散进行模拟研究发现:疏散空间行人拥堵时,会出现疏散区域某些位置的行人一直处于竞争劣势而保持位置不动的现象,这与行人实际疏散运动不符.考虑到现实情况,行人在等待的过程中会积极寻找机会,实现成功疏散;基于此,在疏散模型中引入了心理迫切因素的概念,表征了行人等待过程中竞争能力的变化,完善了行人疏散模型.对新模型模拟研究发现,在考虑等待时的心理迫切因素后,该模型能够更好地表达行人疏散的动力学特征,可更为准确地再现行人的疏散运动轨迹和路径,同时研究发现,引入等待迫切因素后并不会影响总的疏散时间.     

建筑火灾时期人员密度对安全疏散时间的影响分析

在人员聚集的大型建筑物中,一旦发生火灾,受困人员能否在安全疏散时间内撤离火区,最大限度地减少火灾人员伤亡,一直是建筑火灾应急救援研究领域急待解决的重大课题.以地下商业街为例,应用群集疏散行为模型,对人员疏散时间进行了理论分析和计算.通过火灾时期人员密度变化对人员安全疏散时间的影响分析研究,合理确定了地下商业街火灾风险控制人员密度临界值为0.7人/m2,其研究成果对大型建筑物中的人员疏散设计也具有一定的指导意义.     

城市灾时大范围人员应急疏散探讨

人类面临着许多自然的和人为的灾害,比如最近发生的印度洋大海啸和2001年的美国"9·11"恐怖袭击事件等.当这类重大灾害性事件发生时,在短时间内安全地大范围疏散转移高密集人群,实施科学的应急救灾策略,是减轻灾害后果严重性的重要措施之一.探讨了如何建立一个综合性的疏散规划模型,为人员应急疏散管理提供决策支持.     

Revised fire consequence models for offshore quantitative risk assessment

Offshore oil and gas platforms are well known for their compact geometry, high degree of congestion, limited ventilation and difficult escape routes. A small mishap under such conditions can quickly escalate into a catastrophe. Among all the accidental process-related events occurring offshore, fire is the most frequently reported. It is, therefore, necessary to study the behavior of fires and quantity the hazards posed by them in order to complete a detailed quantitative risk assessment. While there are many consequence models available to predict fire hazards-varying from point source models to highly complex computational fluid dynamic models—only a few have been validated for the unique conditions found offshore.

In this paper, we have considered fire consequence modeling as a suite of sub-models such as individual fire models, radiation model, overpressure model, smoke and toxicity models and human impact models. This comprehensive suite of models was then revised by making the following modifications: (i) fire models: existing fire models have been reviewed and the ones most suitable for offshore conditions were selected; (ii) overpressure impact model: a model has been developed to quantify the overpressure effects from fires to investigate the possible damage from the hot combustion gases released in highly confined compartments; (iii) radiation model: instead of a point/area model, a multipoint grid-based model has been adopted for better modeling and analysis of radiation heat flux consequences. A comparison of the performance of the revised models with the ones used in a commercial software package for offshore risk assessment was also carried out and is discussed in the paper.     

UN test O.1 errors in quantifying the behavior of solid oxidizers

The results of the UN test O.1 for oxidizing solids are shown to be incorrect when specimens contain certain inertant additives, illustrated for the case of oxidizers in the ammonium nitrate fertilizer family. Test results for three different AN-based products containing inertants show that two of the three (including calcium ammonium nitrate, CAN, a long-known safer alternative to AN) would be misranked with the O.1 test. An analogy between the heat release rate of substances containing fire retardant (FR) chemicals is established and several ways by which FR behavior can be achieved are demonstrated. It is shown that the O.1 test implicitly adopts only one model of inertant action, and that chemicals which rely on a differing mode of inertant action are liable to be incorrectly treated. It is further shown that the physical basis of the O.1 test—an intimate mixture of finely-comminuted fuel and oxidizer—misrepresents the most common type of accidents involving oxidizers, and that such test results do not correspond to scenarios of a less extreme nature. The new O.3 test improves the analysis method, but does not resolve the problem of excessive commingling of fuel into oxidizer. It is recommended that the intermediate-scale arrangement used by the Bureau of Explosives be adopted for further development and standardization, in preference to the O.1 or O.3 test arrangements.     

“Z型”中庭烟气流动及自然排烟特性实验研究

"Z型"中庭自然排烟设计已经在部分高层建筑中实际运用。然而,现有规范对此类设计方法无具体指导性消防安全要求,同时缺乏相关研究。通过在海南某高层建筑中开展全尺寸火灾实验,选取中庭和办公室不同火灾区域和规模,在不同外界风向和风速下,通过监测有毒气体浓度、烟气温度和能见度以及烟气层厚度等参数,研究超过12m的"Z型"高大中庭烟气流动特性及自然排烟效果,并分析其对中庭和人员安全性的影响。研究结果表明:该建筑采用"Z型"中庭能够有效排出烟气,自然排烟设计合理。所得结论可为消防部门审核该项目提供参考,也为类似高大中庭自然排烟设计提供科学依据。     

飞机货舱低气压环境对火灾探测参量影响研究

旨在为飞机货舱火灾探测系统设计和研制提供理论支撑,在飞机货舱环境模拟实验舱内开展了70kPa、80kPa、90kPa和100kPa下正庚烷火灾实验,分析了低气压环境对顶棚温度、烟气密度和气体浓度火灾探测参量的影响规律。低压下空气密度较小,卷吸系数减小,导致顶棚最高温升增加,顶棚温度衰减变快。同时,低压下烟气密度降低,并与压力呈指数关系,指数系数约为0.946,扩展了前人研究结果的应用范围。CO浓度最大值随压力降低而增加,且CO增长速率与压力呈负指数关系。CO2增长速率随着压力降低而略有减小。     

双洞单线高铁隧道列车中部火灾人员最优疏散模式研究

分析了双洞单线隧道疏散设计概况,针对隧道疏散最不利的列车中部火灾场景,建立了人员疏散路径选择网络模型。基于合理的假设,确定了双洞单线隧道列车中部火灾的5种疏散路径,并运用图解法求解出了最优疏散时间与列车位置关系的数学方程式,确定了最优疏散路径选择模式。通过pathfinder数值模拟对比分析可知,最优疏散路径选择模式的理论模型与模拟结果高度吻合,可以准确计算出人员安全疏散所需时间,对改善隧道疏散设计,减少人员伤亡具有重要意义。     

铁路无锡站站房改扩建工程消防性能提升及评估技术研究

针对既有公共建筑改扩建中面临的消防设计难题,以铁路无锡站改扩建工程为对象,开展消防性能提升及评估技术研究。通过采取防火分隔措施,控制火灾荷载,降低火灾风险,改善疏散条件,提高消防系统性能的技术手段,实现改扩建工程整体防火性能提升的目标。利用数值模拟分析验证烟控系统有效性和人员疏散的安全性,分析结果表明,在采取有效的消防安全技术措施条件下,人员安全疏散可以得到保障。