Occurrence of bisphenol A in surface and drinking waters and its physicochemical removal technologies

Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disrupting compound, has caused wide public concerns due to its wide occurrence in environment and harmful effects. BPA has been detected in many surface waters and drinking water with the maximum concentrations up to tens of μg·L^-1. The physicochemical technology options in eliminating BPA can be divided into four categories: oxidation, advanced oxidation, adsorption and membrane filtration. Each removal option has its own limitation and merits in removing BPA. Oxidation and advanced oxidation generally can remove BPA efficiently while they also have some drawbacks, such as high cost, the generation of a variety of transformation products that are even more toxic than the parent compound and difficult to be mineralized. Only few advanced oxidation methods have been reported to be able to mineralize BPA completely. Therefore, it is important not only to identify the major initial transformation products but also to assess their estrogenic activity relative to the parent compounds when oxidation methods are employed to remove BPA. Without formation of harmful by-products, physical separation methods such as activated carbon adsorption and membrane processes are able to remove BPA in water effluents and thus have potential as BPA removal technologies. However, the necessary regeneration of activated carbon and the low BPA removal efficiency when the membrane became saturated may limit the application of activated carbon adsorption and membrane processes for BPA removal. Hybrid processes, e.g. combining adsorption and biologic process or combining membrane and oxidation process, which can achieve simultaneous physical separation and degradation of BPA, will be highly preferred in future.     

Quantitative risk analysis of fire and explosion on the top-side LNG-liquefaction process of LNG-FPSO

Since the massive use and production of fuel oil and natural gas, the excavating locations of buried energy-carrying material are moving further away from onshore, eventually requiring floating production systems like floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO). Among those platforms, LNG-FPSO will play a leading role to satisfy the global demands for the natural gas in near future; the LNG-FPSO system is designed to deal with all the LNG processing activities, near the gas field. However, even a single disaster on an offshore plant would put the whole business into danger. In this research, the risk of fire and explosion in the LNG-FPSO is assessed by quantitative risk analysis, including frequency and consequence analyses, focusing on the LNG liquefaction process (DMR cycle). The consequence analysis is modeled by using a popular analysis tool PHAST. To assess the risk of this system, 5 release model scenarios are set for the LNG and refrigerant leakages from valves, selected as the most probable scenarios causing fire and explosion. From the results, it is found that the introduction of additional protection methods to reduce the effect of fire and explosion under ALARP criteria is not required, and two cases of the selection of independent protection layers are recommended to meet the SIL level of failure rate for safer design and operation in the offshore environment.     

城市地下交通联系隧道火灾人员安全疏散研究

城市地下交通联系隧道是一种新型城市地下公共交通系统,交通流量大、火灾危险性高、人员安全疏散相对困难,目前国内外尚无此类专业防火设计规范。以四川大源商业核心区地下交通联系隧道为研究对象,提出隧道主出入口、下沉庭院、防烟楼梯间及分车道、防火隔间相结合的人员安全疏散方式,出口共计61处;在此基础上运用Building Exodus数值模拟并予以对比分析,最终定量确定了火灾情况下人员安全疏散路径,进而为国内外相关工程的人员疏散设计及运营提供理论依据,并为UTLT相关防火规范的制定提供理论基础及建设性意见。     

Numerical computation and characteristic analysis on the center shift of fire whirls in a ship engine room fire

The existence of fire whirls in some ship engine room is studied by using the basic elements of the fire whirls formation. The temperature characteristic of fire whirls are used to study the path shift of fire whirls and the result is nearly circular. The center shift angular velocity of fire whirls is analyzed with the least square fitting in the conditions of the constant wind velocity and the variable wind velocity from four sides. In the situation of the constant wind velocity, the result shows that the center shift angular velocity of fire whirls comply with the change regularity of a cube polynomial with different wind speed. When the wind velocity is more than 6.58 m/s, it strongly affects the change rate of the center shift angular velocity. However, in the situation of variable wind velocity, when the change rule of wind velocity follow increasing or descending regularity, the change law of the center shift angular velocity is proportional to the size of the wind velocity, but when the wind velocity is random variation, the change fluctuation of center shift angular velocity is comparatively small. Computational results have important significance for the structure fireproofing, fire evaluation and shipping design.     

基于层次-模糊评价法的山区油气管道地质灾害易发性研究

针对山区油气管道地质灾害的基本特征,将层次分析与模糊综合评价相结合,建立起可用于山区管道地质灾害易发性评价的层次-模糊评价模型;并从自然因素、管道敷设状况、灾害活动和设计与误操作四个方面建立山区油气管道地质灾害易发性评价体系.首先依据专家经验构造各层影响因素的判断矩阵,并利用层次分析法求出各影响因素的权重集,然后对山区油气管道地质灾害易发性进行多级模糊综合评价,最终根据评价结果确定山区油气管道地质灾害易发性等级.通过具体实例检验了本文所建立评价方法的应用效果.     

我国拥挤踩踏事故发生规律、诱发因素及防控策略

为有效防范拥挤踩踏事故发生,减少事故造成的损失,运用统计分析法和案例分析法对2000-2014年我国拥挤踩踏事故发生规律和诱发因素进行研究。结果表明:我国拥挤踩踏事故发生次数及人员伤亡年际变化较大,总体呈现下降的趋势;秋季踩踏事故发生次数及人员伤亡最多,冬季次之,春夏季节最少;拥挤踩踏事故主要发生在内陆中南部、西北和西南边疆等地区; 学校、商场及节庆场地和楼梯（台阶）是踩踏事故易发场所位置;人为因素、场所因素、管理因素和自然因素是拥挤踩踏事故四大诱发因素。根据踩踏事故发生规律和诱发因素分析,构建踩踏事故防控的PPC模型并提出具体的防控策略,为相关部门预防和处置事故提供决策支持。     

Landscape fires as social disasters: An overview of ‘the bushfire problem’

The ‘landscape’, ‘bushfire’ or ‘forest-fire’ problem is exemplified by the destruction of homes and human lives by landscape fires raging out of control. The ‘problem’ involves a series of landscapes (e.g. wildland and suburb), a series of systems (e.g. biophysical system and environmental-effects system), and a series of time phases (e.g. planning phase). It is a multi-stakeholder, multi-variable, multi-scale problem. Land uses, like ‘farmland’, imply a set of specific assets and, therefore, particular perceptions of losses. In all land-use designations, at any one point, fire-proneness may be seen as a function of exposure to ignition sources (embers, burning brands or flame radiation and flame contact) and the ease of ignition. The landscape-fire problem has multiple partial ‘solutions’, not just one overall solution, and these involve social governance, land management (public and private), suppression capacity and personal preparedness. The problem needs to be addressed at multiple temporal and spatial scales in an integrated fashion for the outcome to be of maximal benefit. There will always be a residual risk of severe fire occurrence. Minimisation of residual risk requires effective land management, recurrent funding and the perpetual vigilance of all parties.     

宁夏贺兰石赋存特征及矿物成分分析

贺兰石是宁夏的五宝之一,具有极大的经济价值和人文含义.以银川市西部的贺兰山中段为研究区,调查分析贺兰石的赋存特征和矿物成分特征,结论认为(1)贺兰石含矿岩性段赋存于青白口系黄旗口组第一岩段下部,呈狭长的条带状分布,层位稳定连续,走向大致呈南北向,顺走向延伸长度约14 km.含矿层的厚度8～23 m;(2)矿石主要成分为粘土质矿物、绢云母和绿泥石,矿石的化学成分主要为SiO2、AI2O3、Fe2O3、K2O;(3)矿石吸水率均低于1%,矿石摩氏硬度为2～4,矿石体重平均为2.89 g/cm3,矿石抗压强度为58.17 MPa,抗拉强度7.1 MPa,抗剪强度19.16 MPa;(4)研究区贺兰石开采前景广阔,具有较大的工业价值.     

A spatially explicit model to predict future landscape composition of aspen woodlands under various management scenarios

Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) is declining across the western United States. Aspen habitats are among the most diverse plant communities in this region and loss of these habitats can result in shifts in biodiversity, productivity, and hydrology across a range of spatial scales. Western aspen occurs on the majority of sites seral to conifer species, and long-term maintenance of these aspen woodlands requires periodic fire. Over the past century, fire intervals, extents, and intensities have been insufficient to regenerate aspen stands at historic rates; however the effects of various fire regimes and management scenarios on aspen vegetation dynamics at broad spatial and temporal scales are unexplored. Here we use field data, remotely sensed data, and fire atlas information to develop a spatially explicit landscape simulation model to assess the effects of current and historic wildfire regimes and prescribed burning programs on landscape vegetation composition across two mountain ranges in the Owyhee Plateau, Idaho. Model outputs depict the future structural makeup and species composition of the landscape at selected time steps under simulated management scenarios. We found that under current fire regimes and in the absence of management activities, loss of seral aspen stands will continue to occur over the next two centuries. However, a return to historic fire regimes (burning 12–14% of the modeled landscape per decade) would maintain the majority of aspen stands in early and mid seral woodland stages and minimizes the loss of aspen. A fire rotation of 70–80 years was estimated for the historic fire regime while the current fire regime resulted in a fire rotation of 340–450 years, underscoring the fact that fire is currently lacking in the system. Implementation of prescribed burning programs, treating aspen and young conifer woodlands according to historic fire occurrence probabilities, are predicted to prevent conifer dominance and loss of aspen stands.     

火灾下匀质防火保护钢构件温度计算(I)：理论与公式

介绍了火灾下有匀质防火层保护的钢构件温度计算的一维传热模型。给出了求解该模型的相关边界条件和假定,并给出求解该一维传热模型在不同边界条件下的解。通过分析三种典型防火材料保护下、截面系数不同的三种截面的升温,比较了由我国规范CECS200、欧洲规范、欧钢协标准、美国规范及其他学者推荐的方法得到的结果,并对照有限元结果,考察了不同计算方法的有效性。结果表明,CECS200与国外规范给出的结果符合良好且略微偏高。通过计算典型截面在不同耐火极限要求下的最小保护层厚度,比较了各国规范的设计结果。结果显示,由不同规范推荐的公式计算得到的最小保护层厚度相差不大。CECS200计算的最小保护层厚度与国外规范一致,与欧洲规范得到的结果基本相同。研究表明,在标准火灾环境中我国规范给出的方法合理有效且形式简单便于工程运用。