热气溶胶灭火剂扑灭固体木垛火的实验研究

文章系统分析了热气溶胶灭火剂抑制A类火能力的影响因素,并用SQ灭火剂在全淹没条件下进行实验,研究了灭火剂用量、灭火室大小、木垛的预燃程度和木垛结构大小对灭火效果的影响规律,结果表明SQ热气溶胶灭火剂抑制A类火比B类火困难得多,此外灭火效果与木垛预燃程度、木垛的结构尺寸有关,与灭火实验所用的灭火室大小关系不大。并指出在评价热气溶胶灭火剂扑灭A类木垛火能力时,应详细给出灭火实验所采用的条件,特别是火灾模型的情况。     

火灾探测算法评估技术研究

论述了火灾探测算法评估技术研究的重要性。提出一种火灾探测算法评估技术方法,在评估过程中主要考虑了火灾探测算法的三种重要属性,即火灾探测性能、环境适应性和抗误报能力。设计并实现了三种火灾探测算法评估模式和相应的实验流程,包括实体实验、接口模拟和软件模拟。为每一种模式设计了具体的实验方法,评估实例证明了所设计的模式和方法的有效性。     

一种关于点型探测器火灾探测能力的评估方法

以探测器火灾信息数据库为依据,通过对目前使用最为广泛的各种点型感烟、感温及CO气体探测器对八种典型试验火响应数据测量及数据挖掘,提出用梯度幅值评估方法,对上述探测器的火灾探测能力作出相应的评估结论,为城市建筑火灾自动探测报警系统的正确设计、选型和使用提供了参考理论依据。     

空心玻璃微珠对泡沫灭火剂发泡能力和热稳定性影响研究

本文研究了空心玻璃微珠添加量及泡沫液浓度对泡沫灭火剂发泡能力和稳定性的影响,对比了热辐射条件下空心玻璃微珠添加前后泡沫的热稳定性.结果表明,添加量低于40%时,空心玻璃微珠对泡沫灭火剂发泡能力影响不大,而泡沫的稳定性显著降低,添加量为50%时,虽泡沫发泡能力降低,但泡沫的稳定性却增强.泡沫的发泡能力随蛋白泡沫浓度升高而增强.蛋白浓度为10%,空心微珠添加量为50%时,由于泡沫内部形成了稳定的三相泡沫骨架结构,泡沫热稳定性较未添加微珠之前显著增强.     

聚苯乙烯泡沫芯材的燃烧特性及其在火灾事故原因调查中的应用

利用热解分析、热电偶束和ISO9705房屋/墙角等实验装置测试了彩钢板中聚苯乙烯泡沫(EPS)芯材的热解特性和水平方向的温度分布及整体板材的燃烧特性,结合某乳液公司冷库火灾事故原因调查,分析评价了EPS泡沫夹芯板的潜在和实际火灾危险性,证实了EPS芯材内部的燃烧和热传播为火灾蔓延的主要原因.     

集合卡曼滤波算法对FARSITE模型林火蔓延预测的修正效果研究

针对火源位置输入偏差导致的FARSITE林火行为模型火线预测不准确的问题,提出了一种基于集合卡曼滤波算法的动态修正方法。利用FARSITE对复杂工况下的林火蔓延过程进行数值模拟,以火线位置为待修正参量,以均方根误差(RMSE)为评价指标,对算法的可行性进行了验证,并研究了算法的集合元素个数,观测数据标准差及同化频率对FARSITE预测偏差的修正效果的影响。结果表明:算法能显著提高FARSITE火线预测精度;逐时同化时:集合元素个数为5 时,算法的修正效果并不理想,随着集合元素个数增大,样本误差减小,修正效果得到改善,但增大到30以上时, 修正能力的提升就不再明显;观测数据标准差大小与RMSE值呈正相关;给定条件下当同化频率由1 h/次降低至2 h/次,整个模拟时长内的误差仍能得到较好控制,RMSE曲线并不会过快增长。     

Experimental investigation on extinguishing performance of a novel nanocomposite for gaseous fires

A novel nanocomposite was synthesized by incorporating three different types of flame-retardants and its extinguishing performance was tested for gaseous fires. The nanocomposite consists of the inorganic magnesium hydroxide (MH) nanoparticles as the dominant component, the nitrogen-based melamine cyanurate (MCA), and the phosphorus-based ODOPB. The wet mixing, dry mixing, and ultrasonic agitation were employed in the preparation process to enhance the homogeneity of the nanocomposite. The prepared powders were characterized using a series of analytical instruments including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravity analyzer (TGA), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The efficiency of various samples in extinguishing gaseous fires was investigated in a lab-scale extinguishing system. The fire extinguishing tests indicated that the nanocomposite is considerably more effective in fire extinguishing than other powders in terms of extinction time and agent mass consumed. The fire extinction time of nanocomposite was 45.2% shorter than that of commercial ABC-MAP powder. Furthermore, the consumed amount of nanocomposite was 63.2% less than that of commercial powder. In addition, the order of extinguishing mass concentrations was as follows: the novel nanocomposite (103.7 g/m³) < MH/MCA (148.1 g/m³) < MH/ODOPB (155.6 g/m³) < MH (170.4 g/m³) < commercial ABC powder (281.5 g/m³) < MCA/ODOPB (384.1 g/m³). The fire suppression mechanisms of the nanocomposite were also discussed. It was inferred that the extinguishing mechanism of nanocomposite comprised of simultaneous chemical and physical inhibition actions involving chemical inhibition action, cooling action, and asphyxiation action. This study provides a promising attempt to gain benefits from the striking features of nanotechnology and flame-retardants in extinguishing gaseous fires.     

Influence of thermal environment on metallographic structure characteristics of the electric arc bead pattern

Electrical apparatuses are prone to arc, which generally causes a fire, even an explosion hazard, when a flammable gas mixture is present, especially during industrial processes. Terrible fire scenes are challenging for fire investigations. In this work, by performing a simultaneous thermal analysis test we simulated a fire environment and found that as the oxygen concentration decreased, the oxidation/exothermic peak temperature of ‘cause’ bead became higher, but the melting temperature was unaffected. Results indicated that the bead pattern underwent oxidation at approximately 831 °C, melting initiated at approximately 1060 °C, and the pattern then disappeared. The melted pattern grain changes were divided into three critical temperature stages: Approximately 600 °C, the onset temperature at which the melted pattern grains began to be equiaxed; approximately 831 °C, at which the grains were interspersed with oxygen-containing material; and 831–1060 °C, when the grains disappeared, which is a criterion for identifying electrical fires. However, the boundaries remained throughout the thermal environment process. Moreover, the bead pattern demonstrated three metallographic regions: Deep layer (Region I), the intermediate layer (Region Ⅱ), and surface layer (Region Ⅲ). Region I was the most thermally sensitive, in which equiaxed crystals first appeared. Region Ⅲ was the thermal reaction lag zone, in which the typical branching crystals finally disappeared, and Region Ⅱ was intermediate between Regions I and Ⅲ. The results may help fire investigators determine the fire scene temperature stages and provide support for fire evidence extraction.     

Development of inherent safety and health index for formulated product design

The numerous formulated products which are introduced to the market consist of chemical ingredients that may cause various safety and health hazards to the consumers. Therefore, it is extremely important to practice a systematic methodology to formulate products with acceptable safety and health performances. This work presents an index-based methodology to assess the safety and health hazards of the ingredients during the early formulation stage of product design. Hence, new inherent safety and health sub-indexes are introduced to improve the current safety and health hazards that are needed in formulated product design. The inherent safety and health sub-indexes are assigned with scores based on the degree of potential hazards. A higher score indicates a higher safety risk or severe health effect, and vice versa. The proposed methodology will greatly assist the users to identify the adverse safety and health effects caused by the ingredients. Hence, it is pivotal to eliminate or reduce the safety and health impacts from product usage. A case study on common ingredients used in the formulation of paint is presented on this study to describe the proposed method.     

中国煤矿火灾的防治

分析了中国煤矿历年火灾与安全技术工程的关系,火灾类别、发火部位、与频率的统计;介绍了煤矿内外因火灾防治方法的沿革与发展,包括注浆、阻化剂、均压防灭火,注氮情化防火,高泡、燃油惰气灭火等的实例与成效。