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81.
Forest transitions may significantly contribute to climate change mitigation but also change forest use, affecting the local people benefiting from forests. We analyze forest transitions as contested processes that simplify multifunctional landscapes and alter local livelihoods. Drawing on the Theory of Access, we develop a conceptual framework to investigate practices of multifunctional forest use and the mechanisms that exclude local forest use(r)s during forest transitions in nineteenth century Austria and twenty-first century Lao PDR. Based on historical sources, interviews and secondary literature, we discuss legal, structural and social-metabolic mechanisms to exclude multifunctional forest practices, marginalizing peasants and shifting cultivators. These include, for example, the increasing enforcement of private ownership in forests or the shift from fuelwood to coal in Austria and restrictive land use planning or the expansion of private land concessions in Laos. By integrating political ecology and environmental history in forest transitions research we unravel shifting power relations connected to forest change. 相似文献
82.
Market-based approaches to environmental regulation (such as tradable permits or transferable quotas) are frequently offered
as innovative solutions to many environmental problems. Globally, one of the most well-established forms of this approach
is individual transferable quotas (or ITQs) in fisheries management. Within the natural resource management community, there
is considerable debate over the effects ITQs have on the fishing industry and fisher behavior although this approach is not
well-established in the United States. The previously imposed moratorium on ITQs in the United States has expired and the
2006 reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Act explicitly provides for limited access privileges (LAPs). A variety of fishers,
regulators, and conservation organizations are enthusiastically seeking to introduce ITQ management. With debate over whether
and how ITQs should be used in American fisheries reinvigorated, it is timely to examine the evidence on the social and economic
effects of ITQs in other nations’ fisheries. After briefly summarizing the debate on ITQs, we examine the case of New Zealand,
one of the earliest and longest-lived ITQ-based fisheries regimes. We use multiple data sources and methods to analyze the
extent to which industry consolidation and aggregation has occurred, including surveys of industry participants, expert interviews,
reviews of academic reports and analyses, analysis of trade publications, and direct analysis of quota ownership patterns.
This analysis shows a more complex outcome than recent debates in the ITQ literature would predict. These findings suggest
that policy makers considering ITQs can learn from the experiences of other countries related to key issues such as quota
allocation, aggregation limits, transferability, cost recovery, and resource sustainability when designing ITQ and other LAP
systems. It is also important to explicitly identify economic and social objectives and then carefully design ITQ regimes
to meet these objectives. 相似文献
83.
84.
In this paper, we present a simple theoretical extension from the Economic Geography literature to characterize the main features of pollution havens (lax environmental regulation, good market access to high-income countries and corruption opportunities). Using structural and reduced-form estimations, we find that pollution havens are not a “popular myth” for European firms, laxer environmental standards significantly explain the location choice of polluting affiliates. We analyze in depth the role of trade costs (using various bilateral and multilateral measures), a 1% increase in access to the European market from a pollution haven fosters relocation there by 0.1%. We also find that corruption lowers environmental standards, which strongly attract polluting firms: a 1% increase of corruption fuels relocation by 0.28%. We test the economic significance of these empirical findings via simulations. The protection of the European market (e.g., a carbon tax on imports) to stop relocations to pollution havens must be high (a decrease of the European market for Morocco and Tunisia equivalent to 13%) not to say prohibitive (31% for China). 相似文献
85.
ABSTRACT Reflecting on the 2019 Open Science Meeting of the Global Land Program and on commentaries since, we argue that the time is ripe for the land system science community to fully embrace the thorny issue of land ownership and control. Beyond land governance and institutions, the issue of who actually owns and controls land, and how land holding and rents are distributed across society, is central to the future of sustainability initiatives, biodiversity protection, social justice, climate change mitigation, and long-term food security and sovereignty. By explicitly tracking and visualizing just Who Owns the Earth, the land system science community could provide much-needed data and insights to inform public debate and advance political action in these arenas. 相似文献
86.
伍新木 《长江流域资源与环境》2002,11(4):297-299
中国入世不仅对中国的社会经济产生深远影响,对长江流域的可持续发展也将产生深刻影响。主要的负面影响是:(1)长江流域的钢铁、汽车、化工、农业等产业将受到国际竞争的巨大挑战;(2)新开放、开发、投资、建设热将对长江流域的生态环境带来新的巨大压力。主要的正面影响是:(1)入世加快了各级政府的职能转变,政府转变职能使长江的保护进入一个历史的新阶段;(2)入世强化了绿色壁垒,绿色壁垒作为一种外的在强制将大大有利于长江生态环境的根本改善;(3)入世使中国进入了新的大开放时代,新的大开放背景将使世界在开发、保护诸方面都关注长江;(4)入世和申奥成功使中国大跨度的调水战略提前实施,中国和世界将进入“以水为核心”配置资源、布局经济的时代,这必将更加凸现长江流域开放、开发的重要性。 相似文献
87.
Despite their opposition to the dominant agri-food system, alternative agri-food initiatives may unwittingly reproduce central features of neoliberalism. Julie Guthman has been a particularly strong proponent of this view, arguing that food activism and neoliberalism have shaped one another dialectically in California in recent decades. This paper responds to her argument, with a view to distinguishing between what it reveals and what it may conceal about the transformative potential of alternative agri-food initiatives in North America. Drawing on primary research on a variety of community-based food initiatives in Eastern Ontario, Canada, we show how a neoliberal lens does help to illuminate some problematic characteristics of these initiatives, including assumptions about market-based solutions and focus on self-improvement at the expense of state involvement. However, this lens underestimates those aspects of community-based food initiatives that may appear commensurate with neoliberal rationalities but which also push in more progressive directions. 相似文献
88.
This paper applies Ecological Footprint accounting to Mediterranean countries to track ecological asset balances and investigate the long-term feasibility of fulfilling natural resource and service needs. Our findings are that the Mediterranean region currently uses approximately 2.5 times more natural resources and ecological services than their ecosystems can provide. We argue that when consumption exceeds local availability, countries either resort to depletion of ecological assets or turn to international trade in order to satisfy their demands. Access to outside resources is however limited by (a) the availability of resources on international markets and (b) their affordability. Countries highly dependent on natural resource imports therefore expose their economies to the macroeconomic consequences of price volatility. We find that trade-related effects of natural resource price volatility are significant for Mediterranean economies as a 10% increase in the price of natural resources corresponds with a change in the trade balance between +7% and −2.4% of the GDP. We conclude that, in a world characterised by the existence of physical limits to the availability of global ecological assets, a systemic risk may exist for Mediterranean economies due to the concurrence of (1) ecological asset scarcity, (2) increasing prices and (3) challenging financial situations. 相似文献
89.
Artisanal fishing is an activity which has long occupied an important place on the West African coast. In less than 20 years,
the increasingly widespread use of motors in fishing boats and cold storage facilities both on board and on land have enabled
fishermen to master the constraints of space and time. Furthermore, globalization has created a demand for new products, thus
influencing the behaviour of fishermen and consequently the status of some fish, turtle and marine mammal species. Development
policies for artisanal fishing do not adequately reflect the importance of these changes. They tend to use inappropriate scales
of reference, be it spatially (national borders take precedence over ecosystems) or temporally (the long-term consequences
of development plans are seldom considered). Some international conservation organizations are testing promising new approaches
to managing resources more sustainably and restoring degraded ecosystems, and their recent experiences can serve as useful
examples to others. It is recommended to grant special rights of access to resident fishermen. In defending ‘their’ resources,
they will also protect the ecological functions of the area. Close collaboration with administrations and development assistance
agencies is needed to assess consequences of political decisions on the use of resources. The important role of marine protected
areas as a tool for fishing management should be better documented and strengthened. These areas should not be considered
as isolated units but rather as vital parts of a comprehensive system for improved coastal zone management. Consistent with
the ecosystem approach, fishermen and their communities, being the main users of coastal resources, should also play a major
role in the design and implementation of any fishing management actions. 相似文献
90.
In this paper, we document and analyse the recent decline (2007–2013) in domestic water consumption in Barcelona. The postulates of ecological modernisation and market environmentalism celebrate these declines as an example of sustainable development, thanks to the combination of more efficient technologies and economic incentives. However, these interpretations ignore the new framework of social relations introduced by technologies and markets and take environmental improvements as homogeneous and universal regardless of distributional issues. Therefore, it would be perfectly possible to achieve optimal environmental situations in the context of deteriorating social conditions, particularly in terms of access to basic resources by the most disadvantaged. We explored the relationships between declining domestic water consumption and the uneven impact of the economic crisis on Barcelona’s urban geography. We found that the alleged increase in environmental sustainability that follows decline in resource use translates into highly uneven social impacts in terms of both accessibility and consumption. These results show that water flows have profound political dimensions and that water justice in terms of distributional costs and benefits but also in terms of recognition and participation of the less well-off should be a fundamental component of future urban water policies in this area. 相似文献