基于多层次模糊综合评判的人疲劳综合评价

疲劳是一种复杂的生理和心理现象,易引发事故。目前对疲劳的测定多采用主观感觉测试法,仅对罗列症状做出“有”与“无”的判定,不能对症状的程度做出量化判断。笔者应用模糊数学中多层次模糊综合评判原理,通过确定人的疲劳因素集及其评价集,构建了人疲劳的综合评价模型。制定了疲劳指标评估表,确定了各指标的权重,实现了对疲劳的定量分析,对人的疲劳状况进行了综合评价,并进行了实例分析与计算,其结果符合客观实际,具有一定的科学性、合理性和较强的实用性,对劳动者的安全健康保护,对职业卫生工程、人机工程、安全管理工程均有重要的参考价值,对安全生产具有一定的指导意义。     

石油测井HSE“两书一表”的落实

HSE"两书一表"是HSE管理体系在基层组织实施的作业文件,作为现场作业风险控制的重要要文件,但在实际的落实的过程中,仍不乏出现一些问题。26101在落实HSE"两书一表"的过程中,通过采取属地管理和HSE"两书一表"结合落实的方法,很好的消除了这些不利因素。本文从测井岗位属地划分入手,结合"两书一表"对各个岗位的职责的定义,研究进一步推进HSE"两书一表"落实的工作。     

土-结构相互作用振动台试验模型简化方法探讨

考虑到地震模拟振动台本身的承载能力限制、土体及边界条件模拟的复杂性、模型缩尺比例不能过小等因素,提出了一种在地震模拟振动台试验中简化考虑土-结构相互作用的方法,并以某海上高耸塔结构为例说明了该方法的可行性。利用有限元软件ETABS9.0.0建立了两个三维有限元模型:考虑土-结构相互作用模型(模型A)和简化模型(模型B)。其中,模型B上部结构与模型A相同,通过模态分析、反应谱分析和时程分析反复调整基础结构形式,使两个模型的上部结构地震反应相同。调整得到的模型B,即为考虑土-结构相互作用的简化模型,可为土-结构相互作用地震模拟振动台试验提供参考。     

水平滑台随机振动试验时控制点的选择方法探讨

用水平滑台做大型产品随机振动试验已非常普遍,本文以一个5吨振动台配的900mm×900mm水平滑台为例,通过试验阐述了水平滑台随机振动性能存在一个梯度,对用水平滑台进行随机振动试验时控制点的选择进行了探讨并给出了合理建议.     

浅埋深黏土包气带氮迁移转化原位实验研究

通过原位实验,对浅埋深黏土包气带中氮的迁移转化开展研究.结果表明,实测地下水埋深介于145.9~173.6cm,地下水毛细上升高度计算值可达297.0cm,土壤含水率除表层外介于0.30~0.45cm³/cm³;NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N在地面以下155cm含量最高为1.43,23.00mg/kg,超出背景值1.13,21.05mg/kg;包气带含水率近饱和条件下,粘土对氮污染物迁移阻滞作用减弱,NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N在1d内自地表迁移至155cm.浅埋深地下水减弱了黏土对氮污染物运移的阻滞作用.浅埋深地下水减弱了黏土对氮污染物运移的阻滞作用.     

上海市民用建筑能耗的估算与分析

建筑能耗是重要的社会能源消耗主体。采用宏观能源统计方法,利用综合能源平衡表估算上海市1999-2009年住宅能耗和公共建筑运行能耗的变化及其特征。结果表明,上海市民用建筑总能耗由1999年的687.82万tce增加到2009年的1 774.91万tce,平均年增长率为4.68%;住宅建筑能耗呈上升趋势,而单位面积能耗逐年下降,单位面积住宅建筑能耗均值比公共建筑低35.30 kgce/(m2.a);公共建筑单位建筑面积能耗变化呈略增态势,2009年单位建筑能耗比1999年高9.64 kgce/(m2.a)。研究结果可为建筑节能减排政策的制定提供决策参考和数据支持。     

WATER TABLE INDUCED SHRUB-HERBACEOUS ECOTONE: HYDROLOGIC MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Environmental factors were investigated across a shrub-herbaceous ecotone (sharp zone of change) on a sloping site underlain by shallow groundwater on the arid floor of Owens Valley, California. Dominant plant species were salt rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. consimilis [E. Greene] Hall and Clements) and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata var. stricta EL.] E. Greene); typical of many similar habitats across the Great Basin. Historic air photographs were analyzed, and soil properties, water table levels and shrub and herbaceous cover were measured at discrete sample points. To investigate soil and vegetation spatial properties, sample points were apportioned on both sides of the ecotone. Land management practices and fire were ruled out as causal factors for the ecotone which remained stable through a 45-year period of air photo record. Soil textural, chemical and hydraulic properties were similar across the ecotone and were uniform throughout the site. Only depth to the water table changed significantly in a gradient perpendicular to the ecotone. The shrub-herbaceous ecotone was located where the water table depth fluctuated periodically between 0.8 and 1.2 m; deeper water tables than this range favors shrub cover while shallower depths favors meadow vegetation. When extrapolated to hydrologic management such as groundwater pumping, such a shallow depth and a narrow range of amplitude could restrict options for water development if maintenance of meadow vegetation is a goal.     

地下水位波动及降水对原油在非均质土层中重分布的影响

为研究原油泄漏后在非均质土层中的重分布过程及影响因素,建立3种不同组合的非均质土层物理模型（编号分别为L-a、L-b、L-c）进行原油泄漏后重分布过程的室内模拟,分别代表局部非渗透性透镜体（浅层泄漏）、大面积弱渗透性粉质亚黏土（内部泄漏）和土层界面（浅层泄漏）存在条件.待原油重力渗透稳定后分别进行升降水位和降水的模拟试验,由PET聚酯膜绘制、CCD相机拍摄和基于CMYK的灰度分析等图像采集和分析法获得平面运移分布图、纵剖面灰度变化图,采用风干法和紫外分光光度法获得采样点含水率和含油率对比图,分析原油泄漏后在非均质土层中的运移规律.结果表明:①在水位波动下,局部非渗透性透镜体和大面积粉质亚黏土弱透水层可有效截获原油,使原油在其左右及上侧大量聚集;3组试验中原油的重分布过程以垂向运移为主,但在粗-细界面和细-粗界面会因油水驱替和毛细压力导致其部分横向运移.②模拟降水时,受到淋滤和水位波动的综合效应,原油油聚区不能在短时间内随水位线移动,体现其滞后性;在模拟降水结束后油聚区大量分布于水位线位置和细-粗界面处;降水对土壤中的原油具一定稀释作用.③L-a和L-c组表层泄漏的原油分布面积（分别为800、538 cm2）较大,采样点含油率极差（分别为6.23%、6.80%）较大;而L-b组内部泄漏的原油分布面积（235 cm2）较小,采样点含油率极差（2.99%）较小.研究显示,地下水位波动及降水对非均质土层中原油的周期性聚集和释放有一定影响,尤其是局部非渗透性透镜体、大面积弱渗透性粉质亚黏土及岩性界面存在土层中影响更大.      

Water Environmental Degradation of the Source Area of the Yellow River on Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Abstract

The issue on water environmental degradation in the source area of the Yellow River has been one of very serious ecological and socially economic problems. The temporal-spatial changes of water environment led to the decreasing of land capacity and river disconnecting. The status of water environmental degradation in this paper was analyzed based on the data and field investigation. The results indicated that the surface water area in the region has obviously decreased owing to the climate changes and human irrational use of water resources and the continuous lowering of the regional groundwater table and the steadily decreasing tendency of the flow rate in the source areas of the Yellow River.     

Impacts of Climatic Change On Peatland Hydrochemistry; A Laboratory-Based Experiment

A laboratory simulation of a reduction in water table height that could be anticipated from current climate change models, resulted in a change in the efficiency with which a valley-bottom wetland acted as a sink/source of nutrients. Effects were confined to the upper 10 cm of the profile, but since this depth has the greatest hydraulic conductivity, it was noted that the effects of hydrochemical changes therein would be readily transferred to receiving waterbodies. Marked changes in leachate chemistry were observed, including increases in nitrate and sulphate concentrations, while concentrations of phenolics, dissolved organic carbon, potassium, iron and ammonium decreased. These changes have implications for the quality and productivity of waters draining wetlands.