ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE AND SUBIRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN ONTARIO,CANADA1

ABSTRACT: Artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed to simulate fluctuations in midspan water table depths (WTD) given rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, and irrigation inputs on a Brookston clay loam in Woodslee, Ontario, having a dual‐purpose subsurface drainage/subirrigation setup. Water table depths and meteorologic data collected at this site from 1992 to 1994 and from 1996 to 1997 were used to train the ANNs. The ANNs were then used for real‐time control and time series simulations. The lowest root mean squared errors (RMSE) for the various ANNs were 60.6 mm for real‐time control simulation, and 88.4 mm for time‐series simulation of water table depths. It was possible to simulate WTD for the different modes of water table management in one network by incorporating an indicator for switching from one to the other. The ANN simulations were quite good even though the training data sets had irregular measurement intervals. With fewer input parameters and small network structures, ANNs still provided accurate results and required little time for training and execution. ANNs are therefore easier and faster to develop and run than conventional models and can contribute to the proper management of subsurface drainage and subirrigation systems.     

三峡水库中下游水体氮磷时空变化与机制分析

2010年每月定期测定了位于三峡水库中下游的云阳、巫山、秭归和三斗坪段的TN、NH4 N、NO3 N和TP浓度。结果表明：4个段面水质中的TN、NH4 N、NO3 N和TP浓度空间差异不显著,但季节变化显著,TN和TP的季节变化呈单峰格局,分别在5月和7月达到最大值;NH4 N的季节变化则呈双峰格局,主要的峰值出现在7、8月,次要的峰值出现在3、4月。4个地点低水位期（3~8月）的TN、NH4 N、NO3 N和TP浓度都高于高水位期（9月~次年2月）。主要因为在低水位期,长江上游和三峡库区的降雨量大,入库流量显著增加,污染物主要来自长江上游入库的非点源污染和水库两岸农田施用农药化肥造成的面源污染。三峡水库三期蓄水后,水库水质与前两期蓄水后的水质变化不大,水质仍然保持良好,高水位期为Ⅲ类水质,低水位期为Ⅳ类水质     

负投入法在循环经济规划中的应用

采用基于物质流核算框架和三维物质投入产出表(PIOT)的物质代谢调控模型编制循环经济规划时,在实际中存在着同一行业的产品计量单位不一致的问题,给物质代谢调控模型的构建带来了困难,尝试用负投入法对此加以解决.首先,在理论上对负投入法的可行性进行了探讨.其次,给出了如何在三维PIOT框架下运用负投入法解决前述问题的具体方法.最后,以河南省义马市循环经济规划为例,对所提出的方法进行验证.结果表明,在PIOT中,负投入法仍能够准确地反映主产品和副产品之间的技术关系.而负投入法在价值型投入产出表中的2个缺点,在PIOT的应用中都可以克服.在具体应用中,需要处理好由投入产出分析行模型计算所得的“负投入”量与实际总需求量之间的关系,以及副产品的需求量与供应量之间的关系.案例分析表明该方法是实用、可行的.     

Soil salinity evolution and its relationship with dynamics of groundwater in the oasis of inland river basins: case study from the Fubei region of Xinjiang Province, China

Soil salinization is an important worldwide environmental problem, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Knowledge of its temporal and spatial variability is crucial for the management of oasis agriculture. The study area has experienced dramatic change in the shallow groundwater table and soil salinization during the 20th century, especially in the past two decades. Classical statistics, geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) were applied to estimate the spatial variability of the soil salt content in relation to the shallow groundwater table and land use from 1983 to 2005. Consumption of reservoir water for agricultural irrigation was the main cause of a rise in the shallow groundwater table under intense evapotranspiration conditions, and this led indirectly to soil salinization. The area of soil salt accumulation was greater in irrigated than in non-irrigated landscape types with an increasing of 40.04% from 1983 to 2005 in cropland at ∼0.43 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, and an increase at ∼0.68 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in saline alkaline land. Maps of the shallow groundwater table in 1985 and 2000 were used to deduce maps for 1983 and 1999, respectively, and the registration accuracy was 99%.     

An extended input-output table for environmental and resources accounting

Environmentally Extended Input-Output(EEIO)tables have become a powerful element in supporting information-based environmental and economic policies.National-and provincial-level 10 tables are currently published by the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China according to well-defined conventions.However,county-level 10tables are not provided as a rule by official statistics organizations.This paper conducts an overview of compiling EEIO tables for environmental and resources accounting at the county level and then answers several questions:First,what kind of data should be prepared for the compilation of county-level EEIO tables?Second,how can we set up comprehensive EEIO tables at the county level?Third,regarding the survey methods and the indirect modeling,which one should be chosen to build EEIO tables at the county level?Finally,what policy questions could such a table answer?EEIO tables at the county level can be used to predict the economic impacts of environmental policies and to perform trend and scenario analysis.     

岩石场地重力式挡土墙地震土压力振动台实验研究

结合汶川震区调查资料,利用大型振动台模型试验,分析了碎石土填料的岩石场地重力式挡土墙的地震土压力及其分布规律,并以此对我国现行铁路、公路抗震规范做合理性讨论和细化.研究发现,地震作用下,挡土墙的动土压力沿墙高呈单峰曲线状分布,且60%～80%集中作用于挡墙中部;随着地震峰值加速度的增加,地震土压力分布逐渐偏离现行振震设...     

建筑幕墙振动台试验方法研究

在总结以往建筑幕墙抗震性能振动台试验研究方法和经验的基础上,指出现行方法的缺点和不足;提出基于加速度反应和位移反应的抗震性能指标和改进的试验方法,并以实例说明该方法用于判断幕墙抗震性能的有效性,探讨了试验中实现加速度与位移反应相协调的方法,分析了该改进试验方法还存在的问题和不足;进一步提出了基于楼层反应谱的试验新概念,即以满足一定的楼层加速度反应谱和相对位移反应谱的地震波作为地震输入,分析了用于模拟地震振动台试验的反应谱要求和波形再现的要求。可为建筑幕墙抗震性能研究和试验方法研究以及工程实践提供借鉴。     

下蜀土边坡地震稳定性的大型振动台试验研究(Ⅱ)——试验结果及分析

选用天然下蜀土,设计并完成了一几何相似常数为20、坡高为0.5 m、坡角为45°的模型边坡1 g大型振动台试验,通过对模型边坡动力特性、动力反应及宏观变形等三方面的研究,揭示了下蜀土边坡的地震反应机理。试验结果表明,下蜀土边坡有着稳定的一、二阶自振频率和阻尼比,随着地震动加载幅值(PGA)逐渐增大,其一阶自振频率逐渐减小,一阶阻尼比逐渐增大;坡高范围内,PGA放大系数均大于1,且自下而上逐渐增大,并在坡肩处达到最大,其在坡脚处的值小于水平方向其他位置处的值,输入El Centro波(经时间相似常数4.47压缩)时的值分别大于输入El Centro原波和Kobe波(经时间相似常数4.47压缩)时的值;随着输入PGA的增大,土体非线性特征逐渐增强,边坡也逐渐趋于失稳破坏状态;震后模型边坡坡脚、坡顶等部位出现了不同程度的裂缝,说明边坡中出现了通过坡脚的(潜在)滑动面。     

土石坝振动台模型试验颗粒流数值模拟分析

目前一般采用振动台试验、离心振动台试验和有限元动力分析来获得土石坝在设计地震荷载作用下的形态和抗震性能。本文结合孔宪京等的土石坝振动台试验结果开展了颗粒流细观数值模拟研究,克服了传统连续介质力学的宏观连续性假设,形象而直观地表现出坝体在动力荷载作用下的破坏特征。数值模拟规律与振动台试验规律基本一致。同时还分析了坝体颗粒粘结强度和地震峰值加速度变化对坝体破坏特征的影响。数值结果表明,当颗粒间粘结强度较低时,表现为坝体表面颗粒的滑动破坏,粘结强度稍大时,会出现局部的小块颗粒团整体滑动破坏;随着峰值加速度的增大,坝顶沉降量在增大,坝体破坏特征不变。     

岷江上游刺旋花种群格局研究

在随机取样、解剖的基础上，对岷江上游灌丛优势种刺旋花（Convolvulustragacuthoiedes）建立种群静态生命表进行统计分析，以探索其在该地区特殊的生态学意义。结果表明：刺旋花种群的年龄结构为稳定发展型，存活曲线接近于decvyⅢ型；生活史中分别在1a和4～5a有两个死亡高峰；种群数量变化可用年龄结构模型Xx＝3．37·x－3．21（其中x表示年龄，Xx表示种群数量）来预测．X2检验法和区组样方方差法的格局分析结果都表明：刺旋花种群的分布格局随生境破碎程度和水分状况有很大差异，在不同样地分别趋向于随机分布和集群分布.