非全量消解-悬浮液进样火焰原子吸收光谱法测定煤灰中的铜和铅

试验了用非全量消解—悬浮液直接进样火焰原子吸收光谱法测定煤灰中的铜和铅，结果表明：铜和铅的方法检出限(3σ)分别为0．038mg／L和0．23mg／L，测定吸光度与其浓度的线性范围均为0．5mg／L—5．0mg／L，样品加标回收率在87％—97％之间，相对标准差(n＝4)小于7％。     

尼龙的阻燃研究进展

综述了近年来对尼龙阻燃的最新研究进展，尼龙是相对易燃材料，因此在应用中要进行阻燃处理。主要讨论了关于含卤、含磷、含氮、含硫、含硅、含溴化合物的尼龙的阻燃性研究，也讨论了一些无机添加剂和成炭有机物。可以认为尚未有理想的方法对尼龙阻燃而又不损失其物理性能。低卤和非卤阻燃剂以及多种阻燃剂共同作用的复合型阻燃聚酰胺会越来越得以发展。     

萃取富集—火焰原子吸收法测定环境水中痕量砷

联合应用高效雾化器、缝式石英管火焰原子吸收法,采用萃取富集技术测定砷,使砷的灵敏度改善267倍,同时消除了大量盐类的干扰,避免了钠、铝等对石英管的损坏。考察了溶液酸度、碘化钾用量、共存离子等因素对实验的影响。该方法的线性范围为0～25μg／L,检出限为。3μg／L,相对标准偏差为3．2％,回收率为97．8％～101．0％,用于环境水样中痕量砷的监测,结果令人满意。     

聚苯胺和氮化硼协效阻燃棉布的制备及性能研究

使用聚苯胺(PANI)与氮化硼(BN)作为阻燃体系,采用一步法对棉布进行阻燃改性,研究了PANI与BN的配比对Cotton-PANI-covered BN复合材料形貌的变化以及对阻燃性能、热稳定性的影响。由扫描电镜(SEM)和全反射傅里叶红外(ATR-FTIR)测试结果可知,PANI成功生长在棉布纤维表面。另外由于PANI的粘附性,BN能被粘附在棉织物表面,从而形成更为致密的包覆结构。研究发现,PANI和BN的存在,能大大提高棉布的热稳定性和成炭性。当PANI的浓度为2.7 wt%,BN的浓度为5.9 wt%时,改性棉布的残炭量能达到8.9%,比纯棉布(0.6%)增加了约14倍。同样,垂直燃烧实时图像能看出PANI/BN改性的棉布的残炭量更高,炭层也更完整,表明PANI和BN具有优良的阻燃效果。     

基于三维图像分析的浮力扩散火焰几何与辐射特性研究

火焰几何特性和辐射特性是刻画火灾规模及其危害的重要参量。利用三维火焰重构技术,获取了丙烷浮力扩散火焰的火焰高度、表面积、体积和火焰面元视角系数的变化规律。结果表明,三维重构的火焰能够表征真实火焰形态的动态变化。平均火焰表面积和体积均可较好地拟合为热释放速率的幂函数,火焰表面积热释放速率随火焰热释放速率的增加趋于常数。平均火焰高度、表面积和体积与火焰外部平均辐射热流之间具有较好的幂函数关系,且拟合指数随着与火源距离的增大而减小。此外,将点源、圆柱辐射模型和火焰面元积分方法得到的辐射计算值与辐射测量值进行比较,发现火焰面元积分方法能够更好地预测火焰外围的瞬时和平均辐射热流分布。     

不同坡度对正庚烷流淌火燃烧特性的影响

针对液体燃油储运过程中泄漏引发的火灾爆炸事故,设计并搭建流淌槽坡度可调式液体燃油流淌火燃烧试验平台,开展连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火试验。选择水平表面(0°)流淌试验作为基准,改变流淌槽的坡度(0.5°,1°和3°),研究分析不同泄漏速率下连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火的燃烧面积、燃烧速率等燃烧特征参数的变化规律。结果表明:1)连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火燃烧特征参数均随泄漏速率增加而明显增加;2)坡度对连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火燃烧特性影响显著,即使流淌槽坡度增加0.5°,其燃烧特性即发生明显改变;3)连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火的平均稳定燃烧速率随流淌槽坡度的增加反而减小。     

Effect of flame propagation regime on pressure evolution of nano and micron PMMA dust explosions

Experiments using an open space dust explosion apparatus and a standard 20 L explosion apparatus on nano and micron polymethyl methacrylate dust explosions were conducted to reveal the differences in flame and pressure evolutions. Then the effect of combustion and flame propagation regimes on the explosion overpressure characteristics was discussed. The results showed that the flame propagation behavior, flame temperature distribution and ion current distribution all demonstrated the different flame structures for nano and micron dust explosions. The combustion and flame propagation of 100 nm and 30 μm PMMA dust clouds were mainly controlled by the heat transfer efficiency between the particles and external heat sources. Compared with the cluster diffusion dominant combustion of 30 μm dust flame, the premixed-gas dominant combustion of 100 nm dust flame determined a quicker pyrolysis and combustion reaction rate, a faster flame propagation velocity, a stronger combustion reaction intensity, a quicker heat release rate and a higher amount of released reaction heat, which resulted in an earlier pressure rise, a larger maximum overpressure and a higher explosion hazard class. The complex combustion and propagation regime of agglomerated particles strongly influenced the nano flame propagation and explosion pressure evolution characteristics, and limited the maximum overpressure.     

Consequence prediction for dust explosions involving interconnected vessels using computational fluid dynamics modeling

Combustible dust explosions continue to present a significant threat toward operating personnel and pneumatic conveyance equipment in a wide variety of processing industries. Following ignition of suspended fuel within a primary enclosure volume, propagation of flame and pressure fronts toward upstream or downstream interconnected enclosures can result in devastating secondary explosions if not impeded through an appropriate isolation mechanism. In such occurrences, an accelerated flame front may result in flame jet ignition within the secondary vessel, greatly increasing the overall explosion severity. Unlike an isolated deflagration event with quantifiable reduced pressures (vent sizing according to NFPA 68 guidance), oscillation of pressure between primary and secondary process vessels leads to uncertain overpressure effects. Dependent on details of the application such as relative enclosure volumes, relief area, fuel type, suspended concentration, duct size, and duct length, the maximum system pressure in both interconnected vessels can be unpredictable. This study proposes the use of FLame ACceleration Simulator (FLACS) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to provide reliable consequence predictions for specific case scenarios of dust deflagrations involving interconnected equipment. Required minimum supplement to the originally calculated relief area (A_v) was determined through iterative simulation, allowing for reduced explosion pressures (P_red) to be maintained below theoretical enclosure design strengths (P_es).     

风电机舱内典型混合液态油品热诱导燃烧特性

为探究不同尺寸方形油盘对双馈异步风力发电机组机舱中典型混合油品燃烧特性的影响,自主设计和搭建了热平板诱导油品加热燃烧测定实验系统。将液压油(CALTEXRANDO HDZ32)和齿轮箱油(CALTEXMEROPA320)按1∶1质量(各40.0g)比例均匀混合后,盛装于横截面尺寸分别为6.5cm×6.5cm、10.0cm×10.0cm、13.5cm×13.5cm 的钢制油盘中,利用热平板加热和诱导盘内同样质量混合油品燃烧,利用摄像机记录其燃烧行为和阶段节点时间,利用热电偶树、温度采集模块对油品燃烧对应阶段节点液内和上方火焰中心轴温度分布进行测定。观察发现,液/齿混合油品在加热后出现液内流动、蒸发、冒泡、气化、燃烧、发烟、火焰蹿高等典型传热传质和液相燃烧现象。实验结果表明,随油盘横截面尺寸递增,混合油品着火时间依次缩短(最高1048.0s),燃烧持续时间依次递减(最高1980.0s),燃烧液内最高温度依次升高(最高564.3 ℃),中心轴第一层火焰熄灭温度依次升高(最高489.2 ℃)。小尺寸油盘内油品交流换热过程缓慢,质量损失速率较低,着火前阶段出现最大质量损失速率(0.041g/s);中大尺寸油盘内对流、传质和传热过程明显增强,质量损失速率较高,火焰蹿高节点时出现最大质量损失速率(0.25g/s和0.29g/s)     

Industrial system for mitigation of vapor cloud explosions

The oil industry operates installations and processes with important quantities of flammable substances within a wide range of pressures and temperatures. A particular hazard for this type of installations is an accidental release of a large quantity of flammable material resulting in a devastating vapor cloud explosion.Extensive research was conducted to assess the efficiency of chemicals for inhibition of flames. Especially alkali metal compounds (especially carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium) have shown to be one of the more efficient flame inhibitor species.In this paper, the principles of flame inhibition by alkali metal compounds are briefly explained. Based on these principles, a practical implementation of an industrial system for chemical inhibition of vapor cloud explosions is discussed. This implementation is based on the use of dry powders of carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium as flame inhibitor species.The efficiency of the final design of the inhibition system was tested and confirmed on a very large scale in Vapor Cloud Explosion tests in California (US) in September 2016. Several projects in TOTAL were identified in which the VCE inhibition technology is implemented (new cracker units in Daesan (South-Korea) and in Port Arthur (United States)).