Combustion hazard of mixing ammonia with nitric oxide

Premixed ammonia/nitric oxide flame was simulated using the Lindstedt 1994 and Miller–Bowman 1989 reaction mechanisms in CHEMKIN. The predicted laminar burning velocities compared well with limited measured values in the literature. The effects of unburnt mixture temperature and pressure on laminar burning velocity, flammability limits, adiabatic flame temperature and species profiles were studied. The unburnt mixture temperature had a positive impact on both the laminar burning velocity and the adiabatic flame temperature, and it extended the ammonia-rich flammability limit. The pressure had a marginally negative influence on the laminar burning velocity, while it had a slightly positive effect on the adiabatic flame temperature.     

瓦斯对煤尘爆炸特性影响的实验研究

瓦斯的存在对煤尘爆炸特性的理论计算和数值仿真的结果与实际数据有一定差距,因此,通过不同浓度瓦斯与煤尘共存条件下爆炸实验研究,得出了矿井瓦斯对煤尘的最低着火温度、最小点火能量、爆炸下限浓度、最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速度等爆炸特性影响的规律即瓦斯对煤尘最低着火温度影响不大;瓦斯可使煤尘的最小点火能量减小,尤其是对难于点燃的煤尘;混合物的爆炸下限浓度随瓦斯浓度的增加而降低;混合物的最大爆炸压力上升速度由于瓦斯的存在而增强,而最大爆炸压力几乎没有变化。同时研究了瓦斯对无爆炸性煤尘的影响。实验研究的结论对于现场防止煤尘爆炸的发生具有指导意义。     

BLEVE: A new approach to the superheat limit temperature

Several methods proposed for calculating the value of the superheat limit temperature were analysed. The results obtained indicate that the procedures based on the thermodynamic stability approach introduce a significant uncertainty into the final values, depending on which equation of state is used. We propose a new approach based on the energy balance in the initial liquid mass just before the explosion. The temperature obtained using this method, T_sl−E, corresponds to the situation in which the energy transferred adiabatically between the cooling liquid and the vaporising liquid fractions is at its maximum. This leads to a minimum content of energy in the remaining liquid. Although these two approaches are equivalent—the procedures based on the thermodynamic stability approach use also the minimum energy state as a criterion—the new proposed method only uses the properties of the substance to obtain T_sl−E. Thus, T_sl−E represents the behaviour of each substance as a function of its molecular structure, while this influence is lost if a simple equation of state is used. Finally, some considerations are made on the limitations of the superheat limit temperature as a criterion for establishing whether an explosion is or is not a BLEVE.     

Effectiveness of traffic management in Salt Lake City, Utah

PROBLEM: The effectiveness of speed humps, 14 ft (4.3 m) wide by 3.5 in (8.9 cm) high, and tables, 22 ft (6.7 m) wide, on 12 streets in Salt Lake City, Utah was investigated. Mean and 85th percentile spot speeds, speed limit compliance, motor-vehicle crashes, and resident opinions were considered. METHOD: Spot speeds were collected at 18 "between-hump" locations. Motor-vehicle crash data were obtained for "before" and "after" periods of equal duration. A total of 436 residents were surveyed; 184 responded. RESULTS: The mean and 85th percentile speeds decreased at 14 and 15 locations, respectively. The average reduction in the 85th percentile speed (3.4 mph or 5.4 km/h) was significant in flat and rolling terrain, but not on uphill or downhill segments. The number of sites with 50% speed limit compliance increased from 4 to 12. The number of motor-vehicle crashes decreased from 10 to 9; the change was not significant, but injury crashes decreased from five to one. Regarding the residents, 30% were positive, 25% were negative, and 45% offered suggestions, some of which were conflicting. DISCUSSION: Further study is needed on speed hump spacing and speed tables in hilly terrain. Example results should be shared with residents to inform their decision-making. SUMMARY: At least 78% of the sites experienced a decrease in the mean or 85th percentile speed, or an increase in speed limit compliance. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: These findings should be useful to agencies that are planning or implementing traffic calming projects, and to analysts.     

An experimental investigation of an inertization effectiveness of fluorinated hydrocarbons in relation to premixed H2–N2O and CH4–N2O flames

An experimental investigation of an influence of trifluoromethane CHF_3, pentafluoroethane C₂HF₅ and perfluorobutane C₄F₁₀ on near-limit hydrogen-nitrous oxide and methane-nitrous oxide premixed flames was performed. Flammability limits, a maximum explosion pressure ΔP_max, maximum rate of pressure rise (dP/dt)_max, and a laminar burning velocity S_u were determined. The flammability area in the case of N₂O as an oxidizer is substantially wider than for the case of the oxidizer which is the mixture of oxygen and nitrogen with the O₂ content 25% (vol.). The dependences of S_u, ΔP_max and (dP/dt)_max on concentration of the fluorinated hydrocarbons are characterizing by an availability of maxima which positions are close to the peak concentrations of the flammability regions. A qualitative interpretation of the results obtained is given.     

赤平极射投影法在岩质边坡稳定性分析中的应用

赤平极射投影法在岩质边坡稳定性研究中,可以根据边坡的结构面的空间组合关系,做出边坡稳定性状态的初步评价,并进行边坡稳定性的分析计算。本文在万州九龙W2危岩体稳定性分析中,应用赤平极射投影法计算稳定性系数,并通过极限平衡法的计算验证,表明该方法是岩质边坡稳定性研究中的一个重要而有效的方法。     

泄洪洞引渠内侧边坡稳定性分析

本文采用定性分析和定量计算相结合的方法对锦屏一级水电站右岸泄洪洞引渠内侧边坡稳定性进行分析,定性分析方法主要通过赤平投影作图初步分析引渠内侧边坡可能出现的组合滑面破坏模式,定性判断边坡局部、浅表层的稳定性,定量分析方法是在定性分析的基础上,通过刚性极限平衡法进一步分析引渠内侧边坡的整体变形破坏模式,并运用Slide软件计算地震状态下边坡的稳定系数,进而确定引渠内侧边坡的稳定性,结果表明定性和定量方法相结合是边坡稳定性分析的有效方法。     

一种确定地球化学异常下限的简便方法

本文从地球化学场元素的分布形式出发 ,探讨了理论分布形式的频率与含量双对数坐标图示特征 ,从而提出了一种确定地球化学异常下限的简便方法。将该方法应用于湖南柿竹园钨多金属矿区 ,效果显著     

企业水污染源基于技术的排污许可限值确定方法及其案例研究

对比研究了国内外基于技术的排污许可限值确定现状,分析了我国确定现状的不足之处.并借鉴美国基于技术的排污许可限值确定体系,结合我国实际情况,突破传统的简单以行业排放标准、环评报告、国家分配的目标总量等为依据的排污许可限值核定方式,提出了基于技术的排污许可限值确定流程.同时,设计出企业递交申请材料-数据初步审核-调查取样和实验分析-数据汇总和限值计算的排污许可限值确定技术流程,详细分析了污染物指标和两种限值——浓度限值及总量限值的确定方法.最后,以铁岭市企业为例,进行基于技术的排污许可限值计算的示范,并参照《水污染排放总量监测技术规范》和《肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准》,选取悬浮物、COD、动植物油、氨氮作为排污许可证监管项目.研究发现,参照美国国家污染物排放削减体系以COD为例进行最大浓度限值、年总量限值、日最大总量限值的计算,计算结果分别为50 mg·L-1、6.1 t、33.4 kg.结果表明,在此基础上形成了完整的技术方案,可为本行业和其他行业基于技术的排污许可限值的确定提供依据,并为排污许可证制度的实施提供技术支持.     

还原一偶氮光度法测定水中硝基苯类的改进

在现行分析水中硝基苯类污染物标准分析方法的基础上,将参加显色反应的水样体积和比色皿厚度各增加一倍,方法检出限由0．20mg／L降低至0．05mg／L。用改进法分析很低浓度的硝基苯类水样,具有很好的现实意义。