噻吩在离子液体中的电化学聚合及其在模拟汽油脱硫中的应用

研究了噻吩在离子液体[HMIM] BF4,[BMIM] BF4和[BMIM] PF6中的电化学聚合,实验证明,噻吩在三种离子液体中均能聚合.将噻吩在离子液体中的电化学聚合应用于模拟汽油脱硫.结果表明:在三种离子液体中都实现了电化学脱除模拟汽油样品中的含硫物质--噻吩.对于不同的离子液体而言,脱硫的最佳电流密度不同,但噻吩的脱除效果均能达到50%-90%.     

30种离子液体对青海弧菌Q67的毒性效应

应用微板毒性分析法系统地考察了30种具有不同烷基链长度、阴离子基团和阳离子骨架(甲基咪唑、二甲基咪唑和吡啶)的“绿色溶剂”离子液体(ionic liquids,ILs)对一种新型淡水发光菌青海弧菌Q67 (Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Q67)的毒性效应.非线性拟合结果表明,Logit或Weibull函数可有效地表征30种ILs的剂量-效应曲线,其相关系数R>0.98,均方根误差RMSE<0.053;30种ILs对Q67的毒性差异很大,pEC₅₀值在1.01～5.48之间;ILs对Q67的毒性具有烷基链效应,且烷基链上每增加2个碳原子,其pEC₅₀值增加近1倍;ILs的阴离子基团、阳离子骨架及ILs本身的吸光性不显著影响ILs对发光菌Q67的毒性.     

部分离子液体及其混合物对发光菌的毒性作用

离子液体(ILs)因其环境安全和良好的非挥发性而得以广泛应用,尽管其理化性质与工程数据一直在不断扩充,但其可用的毒性及生态毒性数据很少.以青海弧菌Q67为指示生物,应用微板发光毒性测试方法,测定了C6H11BF4N(2S1)、C8H15ClN2(S2)、C8H15BF4N2(S3)、C9H14BF4N(S4)、C9H17BF4N2(S5)、C9H17BrN2(S6)、C11H13BF4N2(S7)、C11H13ClN2(S8)、C12H23BrN2(S9)、C14H27BF4N(2S10)、C14H27ClN(2S11)和C16H31ClN(2S12)等12种ILs对发光菌的发光抑制毒性.结果表明,4种ILs(S9、S10、S11、S12)具有高抑制毒性(pEC50>4.5),而另外8种毒性相对较小(pEC50<3.5).为研究混合ILs的联合毒性,根据单个ILs的剂量-效应关系,构建了两组混合物,即由S9、S10、S11和S12构成的高毒性组(简称H组)以及由S2、S3、S4、S5、S6和S8构成的低毒性组(简称L组)混合物.应用非线性模拟技术与剂量加和(DA)及独立作用(IA)模型对混合物毒性数据进行拟合与预测分析,结果表明,以等效应浓度比法设计的混合物,无论是对于H组的4个混合物还是L组的4个混合物,其联合毒性大小均可用DA模型准确预测.对于均匀试验设计浓度比法设计的混合物,H组的6个混合物的毒性可用DA模型有效预测,而L组的6个混合物由于剂量-效应曲线在低浓度区翘起,其混合物毒性用DA或用IA模型预测均有一定误差.     

Three-dimensional visualization and quantification of non-aqueous phase liquid volumes in natural porous media using a medical X-ray Computed Tomography scanner

This study demonstrates the capabilities of a typical medical X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) scanner to non-destructively quantify non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) volumes, saturation levels, and three-dimensional spatial distributions in packed soil columns. Columns packed with homogeneous sand, heterogeneous sand, or natural soil, were saturated with water and injected with known quantities of gasoline or tetrachloroethene and scanned. A methodology based on image subtraction was implemented for computing soil porosity and NAPL volumes in each 0.35 mm x 0.35 mm x 1 mm voxel of the columns. Elimination of sample positioning errors and instrument drift artifacts was essential for obtaining reliable estimates of above parameters. The CT data-derived total NAPL volume was in agreement with the measured NAPL volumes injected into the columns. CT data-derived NAPL volume is subject to a 2.6% error for PCE and a 15.5% error for gasoline, at average NAPL saturations as low as 5%, and is mainly due to instrument noise. Non-uniform distributions of NAPL due to preferential flow, and accumulation of NAPL above finer-grained layers could be observed from the data on 3-D distributions of NAPL volume fractions.     

重非水相液体性质对非离子表面活性剂增溶作用的影响

在油水比1:40的条件下,浓度为200-10000 mg·l-1的非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX100)对三氯乙烯(TCE)、氯苯(CB)、1, 2-二氯苯(1, 2-DCB)、1, 3-二氯苯(1, 3-DCB)、四氯乙烯(PCE)和三氯乙烯-四氯乙烯混合物(TCE-PCE, 1:1,V:V)的增溶作用表明,TX100在试验浓度范围内,对TCE,CB和1, 2-DCB均无明显增溶作用,当TX100浓度分别大于6000,4000和800 mg·l-1时,对1, 3-DCB,TCE-PCE和PCE具有显著的增溶作用.TX100在TCE,CB,1, 2-DCB,1, 3-DCB,TCE-PCE及PCE有机相/水相间的分配系数(lgKd)分别为3.60,3.36,3.38,3.26,3.17和2.07,分配系数和分配损失的大小与油-水界面张力呈负相关.     

光催化法与生物法结合降解咪唑类离子液体

采用纳米TiO2光催化与生物降解相结合的方法,考察了3种1,3-二烷基咪唑类氯型离子液体的降解过程,并用HPLC-MS方法鉴定了光催化降解的碎片和可能的结构。结果表明,在相同条件下3,种离子液体光催化降解的速率次序为1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐（BmimCl）〉1-己基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐（HmimCl）≈1-辛基3-甲基咪唑氯盐（OmimCl）。BmimCl的光催化降解曲线符合一级动力学方程,最佳催化剂用量为0.5 g/L。HPLC-MS分析表明,光催化降解是咪唑开环氧化的过程,生成众多部分氧化碎片。离子液体水溶液的光催化预处理有利于提高其后续的活性污泥生物降解性能。     

Synthesis and anti-microbial activity of hydroxylammonium ionic liquids

Eight hydroxylammonium-based room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) have been synthesized by acid-base neutralization of ethanolamines with organic acids. The ILs were characterized by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies and elemental analysis. Their anti-microbial activities were determined using the well-diffusion method. All eight ILs were toxic to Staphylococcus aureus, while 2-hydroxyethylammonium lactate and 2-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methylethanaminium acetate showed high anti-microbial activity against a wide range of human pathogens.     

颗粒层中非水相液体污染物冲洗排出速度的数值模拟简

在进行污染土壤的冲洗修复时,模型模拟是极具优势的预测净化效果的方法。本研究分别采用5种粒径的球形玻璃微珠模拟实际土壤,实验考察了玻璃微珠颗粒层中水和非水相液体的排出速度,给出了颗粒层中液含率分布函数,以及最大和最小颗粒层孔隙直径的定义,建立了一个描述颗粒层中水和非水相液体排出速度的多孔介质孔隙毛细管束模型。使用构建的模型模拟水和异辛烷在颗粒层中的排出速度,模拟结果与实验数据有很好的一致性,模型预测结果的平均相对误差小于6.4%,特别是对粒径较小颗粒层,预测的准确性更高。模型可作为进一步研究在非水相液体饱和土壤水冲洗修复时,水和非水相液体排出速度和修复效果的基础。     

Control strategy of shortcut nitrification

Shortcut nitrification for ammonium-rich wastewater is energy-saving and cost-effective procedure that has become one of the hotspots in the field of biological denitrogenation. An orthogonal experiment was performed to study the combined effects of operational parameters on the performance of internal-loop airlift bioreactor for shortcut nitrification. The optimum operational parameters for the shortcut nitrification were fotmd as temperature 35 ℃, pH 8.0, dissolved oxygen concentration 1.0 mg/L, ammonium concentration 4 mmol/L and HRT 16 h, which have different influence on the performance of shortcut nitrification reactor. The pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration have significant bearing on the process. The results showed that the shortcut nitrification reactor could be successfully started up within 42 d, and the reactor performance is steady with minimum NO2-/NOx- of 85.2%, maximum 93.4% and average value of 91.4% in effluent. Based on the analysis of experimental data, a new control strategy named “priority ＋ combination” for shortcut nitrification was suggested. Through this strategy, the startup and operation of shortcut nitrification for ammonium-rich sludge digester liquids were optimized. The control strategy works well to keep the reactor operation in steady state and in achieving high-efficiency for shortcut nitrification.