离子选择电极测定烟气中氟化物影响因素的探讨

对离子选择电极测定烟气中氟化物的影响因素进行了探讨,提出了解决办法。     

含氟废水处理中氟衰减的化学动力学研究

通过模拟实验，研究人氟化钙沉淀反应的动力学以及同离子效应、温度和ｐＨ条件对反应速度和最终结果的影响。结果表明：沉淀反应中氟的衰减速度率符合三级反应动力学方程：钙离子浓度的增加降低了沉淀反应的活化能，使沉淀反应的“启动时间”、半衰期、五分之四衰期、十分之九衰期大大缩短，并使水中氟化物浓度降至３．００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下；温度对氟化钙沉淀反应速度的影响符合阿螺尼乌斯（Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｎｇ）经验公式；沉淀反应的最     

氟化物和总硬度分析项目相关性的检验

目前,通过中国实验室国家认可委员会的实验室,按照ISO/IEC17025:2005《校准和检测实验室能力通用要求》,都要制定并实施质量控制程序以监控检测和校准的有效性,所得数据的记录方式应便于可发现其发展趋势,如可行,应采用统计技术对结果进行审查。文章利用认可准则规定的五种方法中的一种方法,就分析一个物品不同特性结果的相关性,即利用某地下水水质的监测数据对氟化物、总硬度进行一元线性回归,检验其相关性是负相关,并建立了回归方程,绘制回归直线,充分验证了监测数据的有效性和可靠性,从而证明实验室利用的质量监控方法有效。     

铁和铝氧化物涂层砂的过滤与吸附性能评价

总结性地对3种不同氧化物涂层砂和未涂层砂的表面特性、过滤和吸附性能进行了比较与分析,明确了适用范围。改性滤料的高温加热和碱性沉积两种制备方法中,涂铁宜选前者,涂铝宜用后者。涂层砂的比表面积增大,吸附容量增加,使石英砂表面电荷的带电性质改变,有利于水中杂质的去除。涂铁砂适合于除氟和除砷及除有机物;涂铝砂适合于除浊、除有机物和除锌。     

桑叶表面氟化物吸附积累规律的统计研究

以各气象因素和大气氟化物浓度为生态因子,对大田桑园中各叶位桑叶的氟化物的吸附积累规律,进行了统计分析和研究,建立了各叶位桑叶的氟化物的吸附积累模型。     

Occurrence and problems of high fluoride waters in Turkey: an overview

Endemic dental fluorosis was first observed in Turkey in Isparta Province, located in the SW of Anatolia, with mottled enamel related to the high levels of fluoride (1.5–4.0 ppm) in drinking waters, about 55 years ago. The origin of fluoride was attributed to the contents of minerals in volcanic rocks, consisting of pyroxene, hornblende, biotite, fluorapatite and glassy groundmass minerals. It was also reported about 35 years ago that severe dental and skeletal fluorosis has been observed in human beings and livestock in Dogubeyaz?t and Caldiran areas, located around Tendurek Volcano in eastern Turkey, where natural waters contained fluoride levels between 2.5 and 12.5 ppm. It was hypothesised that fluoride, which might be transported by fumaroles or escaped from devitrified lavas, could be held on the surface of some minerals and then exchanged with OH^- in ground waters with high pH at the foothills of the young Tendurek Volcano. Endemic dental and skeletal fluorosis was also observed in the inhabitants in Kizilcaoren Village of Beylikova Town in Eski?ehir Province situated in the midwest of Turkey, where the fluoride content of the drinking waters ranged from 3.9 to 4.8 ppm. The origin of high fluoride in the natural waters was related to the fluorspar deposits, occurring in the catchment area near the village. During the survey in the Güllü Village of Esme-Usak, located in south-midwest of Turkey, it was observed that most of the inhabitants born and raised in the village and aged between 10 and 30 years, showed mild to moderate levels of mottled enamel. The fluoride contents of the deep well waters used for drinking in the village, varied from 0.7 to 2.0 ppm. Amorphous microscopic fluorite existing in the Pliocene lake limestones was considered as a possible origin of fluoride in the waters.     

砖坯烧制过程中氟逸出特性研究

采用杭嘉湖地区的2种典型制砖粘土及富石灰的紫红壤为原料,通过实验室模拟试验和砖瓦厂现场测定研究了制砖中氟的逸出特性。结果表明：氟在粘土矿物发生脱羟基作用时开始逸出,温度约为600℃,主要逸出发生在约800℃至砖坯发生明显烧结时的范围内,砖瓦窑内存在可使氟逸出量减少的氟循环现象;制砖粘土性质及工艺对氟逸出存在较大影响,CaO含量高的粘土氟逸出量明显较少;中适量钙基物料、烧结料及改进制砖工艺可抑制氟的逸出。     

固定污染源废气中氟化物监测的探讨

废气固定污染源氟化物监测已有方法标准,但在实际工作中仍会遇到一些现有标准未具体规定但又严重影响监测结果的问题。文章主要针对固定污染源废气中氟化物监测时采样管的选择以及在高湿烟气中的测试进行了一些探讨,对实际工作具有指导作用。     

氟化物对动植物染色体毒作用研究

应用BALB/C小鼠骨髓嗜染红细胞微核试验及蚕豆根尖微核试验对氟化物的可能染色体毒性进行了检测。结果表明,氟化钠（30mg/kgi·P）可诱发小鼠微核细胞率显著升高,氟化钠（10～400mg/:F_－）及氟化钙（100～400mg.LF_－）还可诱发蚕豆根尖微核细胞率明显升高,并呈一定剂量－反应和时间－反应关系。提示高浓度氟化物对动、植物染色体有明显毒性作用。     

The impact of an industrial effluent on the water quality,submersed macrophytes and benthic macroinvertebrates in a dammed river of Central Spain

This research was conducted in the middle Duratón River (Central Spain), in the vicinity of Burgomillodo Reservoir. An industrial effluent enters the river 300 m downstream from the dam. Fluoride and turbidity levels significantly increased downstream from the effluent, these levels being to some extent affected by differential water releases from the dam. The community of submersed macrophytes exhibited slighter responses and, accordingly, lower discriminatory power than the community of benthic macroinvertebrates, this indicating that metrics and indices based on macroinvertebrates may be more suitable for the biological monitoring of water pollution and habitat degradation in dammed rivers receiving industrial effluents. However, in relation to fluoride bioaccumulation at the organism level, macrophytes (Fontinalis antipyretica and Potamogeton pectinatus) were as suitable bioindicators of fluoride pollution as macroinvertebrates (Ancylus fluviatilis and Pacifastacus leniusculus). Fluoride bioaccumulation in both hard and soft tissues of these aquatic organisms could be used as suitable bioindicator of fluoride pollution (even lower than 1 mg F⁻ L⁻¹) in freshwater ecosystems. Echinogammarus calvus exhibited a great sensitivity to the toxicity of fluoride ions, with a 96 h LC₅₀ of 7.5 mg F⁻ L⁻¹ and an estimated safe concentration of 0.56 mg F⁻ L⁻¹. The great capacity of E. calvus to take up and retain fluoride during exposures to fluoride ions would be a major cause of its great sensitivity to fluoride toxicity. It is concluded that the observed fluoride pollution might be partly responsible for the absence of this native amphipod downstream from the industrial effluent.