BAM-1020大气颗粒物(PM10)监测仪介绍及日常维护经验

BAM-1020大气颗粒物(PM10)监测仪器原理、工作方式的介绍以及日常维护和常见故障的排除方法.     

某砷污染矿区土壤清洗修复及其动力学研究

矿区不当开采导致下游土壤As污染(As含量达到194 00 mg/kg),研究了柠檬酸、氮川三乙酸三钠(NTA)、乙二胺二琥珀酸-三钠盐(EDDS)3种天然螯合剂清洗修复As污染土壤的效果以及清洗对As化学形态的影响,并探讨了清洗动力学过程。结果表明,柠檬酸、NTA和EDDS的最佳清洗条件:液土比分别为30、30和15 m L/g,浓度分别为0.2、0.05和0.1 mol/L,p H分别为2.67、13和13,震荡清洗时间分别为6、3和2 h,对应的去除率为88.70%、94.05%和89.89%。运用吸附动力学模型对As的清洗动力学数据进行拟合,准一级方程拟合决定系数达到0.982 07,是描述柠檬酸清洗过程的最佳方程;NTA和EDDS则是准二级方程,NTA分段拟合的决定系数分别为0.999 04和0.940 37,EDDS对应为0.97825和0.816 92。3种天然螯合剂对碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态均有40%~90%的去除率,其中NTA对铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态的去除率分别为91.24%和95.03%,显著高于柠檬酸和EDDS。     

Real-life efficiency of urine source separation

Urine source separation (NoMix technology) is a promising innovation in wastewater management. To improve and further develop NoMix technology, it has been implemented in four Swiss households and at our research institute (Eawag). We conducted measurements during one year on frequency of toilet usage (in households 5.2/person/day for weekdays, and 6.3/person/day for weekends), flushing behavior (30–85% small flushes), and recovered urine. We calculate the amount of urine effectively recovered per voiding in NoMix toilets (138 ml/flush in households; 309 ml/flush in women's toilets at Eawag), and waterfree urinals (225 ml/usage). We estimate urine recovery in the households to be maximally 70–75% of the expected quantity, leaving room for technical and behavioral improvements. Based on sampling of N and P concentrations, we suspect nitrogen losses in the extended urine piping system. For households and workplaces, the daily and weekly flushing pattern is recorded. Our results are in accordance with literature data from a shorter period but with more people. These results represent a good dimensioning basis for future urine source separation applications. An example of extrapolation to an entire watershed is presented. The flushing pattern corresponds well with the typical nitrogen loading of a treatment plant.     

重钢焦化废水新系统纯氧曝气技术的应用研究

重钢焦化厂与国内某企业合作,在不改变现有污水处理厂设施的前提下,用GWQ潜水式射流喷嘴扩散器和相应的供氧系统代替现有空气曝气系统,以考察现有污水处理新系统在采用纯氧曝气情况下的潜能,即考察采用纯氧曝气后承受高负荷和冲击负荷的能力.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

喷嘴角度对脱硫塔内气液两相流场的影响

提出了采用数值模拟的方法研究喷嘴角度对脱硫塔内部气液两相流场的影响。由于实际脱硫塔尺寸庞大,给实验研究带来困难且成本很高,在数值模拟平台上,分别模拟了45°、75°和-30°3种喷嘴角度布置下脱硫塔内部速度场、温度场变化以及湍流强度的分布情况。结果表明,在角度为-30°布置时速度场变化不是很剧烈,脱硫塔进出口温差比较理想,湍流强度在脱硫塔底部较大随着塔高的增加缓慢降低,这样有助于气液两相均匀混合,并控制出口烟温,有利于提高脱硫效率。     

文氏管除尘器碗形喷嘴的试验研究及工作特性的预测

本文根据流体动力学的流体流阻定律，对三种规格的碗形喷嘴试验数据进行分析研究，找出了预测喷嘴工作压强（Ｐ）与喷射流量（Ｑ）关系的两种方法。同时也给出了喷射角（β）和水力效率的计算公式。另外，对改进喷嘴结构提出了初步设想。     

预测流速法烟尘采样中采样嘴的选择及采样流量的计算

本文用公式计算出合理的采样嘴直径和采样流量,可以提高工作效率和数据的准确性     

影响双喷嘴旋转速度的参数研究

研究和分析了双喷嘴旋转速度方程,探讨了旋转速度与诸参数间的依存关系,并给出了参数的取值范围。为控制旋转射流的速度,提高清洗效率,提供了科学依据。     

基于热障涂层保护的双向正交支撑板优化设计

目的研究适合大秒流量、采用自由装填药柱的斜置喷管固体火箭发动机的药柱支撑板结构。方法在对比分析常规的自由装填药柱的支撑板结构基础上,提出采用双向正交结构涂覆氧化锆热障涂层方案,利用仿真计算方法对支撑板的结构参数进行优化,通过发动机点火试验对4种设计方案进行验证分析。结果采用热障涂层保护的8×8双向正交结构支撑板在点火试验过程中,具有较大的通气面积、较高结构强度及耐烧蚀性,可满足该发动机的使用要求。结论双向正交并采用热障涂层保护既能具有高强度,也具有优良的耐烧蚀性。